viernes, 25 de abril de 2025

Otros temas y categorías de lingüística

 

    from

A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology

http://bit.ly/abibliog

by José Ángel García Landa

(University of Zaragoza, Spain)

 

 

Other Linguistic Categories and Topics

 

Abbreviations

Absolute constructions

Abuse of language

Accents

Accusative

Acronyms

Address

Adjectives

Adjuncts

Adverbials

Agent

Agrammaticality. See Grammaticality.

Agreement

Ambiguity

Anacoluthon

Analysis

Anaphora

Animal communication

Animate/Inanimate

Anthropology and Language

Anti-Language

Antonyms

Apposition

Appraisal

Arbitrariness/Motivation of language

Articles

Artificial languages

Artificial speech

Asymmetry

Attribute

Babble

Borrowing

Cant

Case

Case grammar

Cataphora

Categories (linguistic)

Categorial grammar. See Cognitive linguistics.

Causatives

Certification and Assessment

Cheapness of words

Children's language. See First language acquisition.

Circumlocutions

Classifiers

Clauses

Clipping

Clitics

Co-reference

Code-switching

Collocations

Colonialism and language

Commentary (Linguistic)

Comparative clauses

Comparative linguistics / Comparative Grammar

Comparatives

Competence/Performance

Complements

Compositionality

Compounds

Conditionals

Conjunctions

Conjuncts

Connectives

Connotation

Consonants

Construction grammar

Contact (language contact)

Co-ordination

Copulative verbs

Correctness in language

Coursebooks

Creativity (linguistic)

Cross-linguistic studies

Culture and language

Cuneiform writing

Data collection

Death of languages. See Endangered languages / Extinct languages

Definiteness

Degree

Demonstratives

Denotation/Connotation. See Semiotics. Other semiotic categories. Denotation.

Derived structures

Description/Prescription

Diacritics

Diminutives

Disappearance of languages

Disjuncts

Documentation and data collecting

Dysgraphia

Dyslexia

Ellipsis

Emojis

Empty categories

Endangered languages / Extinct languages

Entailment

Eponyms

Ergativity

Errors

Ethnolinguistics

Etymologies

Events

Evidentiality

Exclamation marks

Exclamation marks

Extinct languages. See Endangered languages / Extinct languages.

Fashionable expressions

Fictional languages

Field work

Fluency

Focus

Foregrounding

Foreign speakers

Forensic linguistics

Form

Formulae

Four-letter words. See Taboo language.

Frames of reference

Gender (grammatical)

Gender and language

Glossolalia

Government

Grammatical metaphor/metonymy

Hearers. See Listeners

Holophrasis

Homonymy

Hypercorrection

Ideal language

Idoms, Phraseology, Formulaic expressions

Illegibility

Illiteracy

Imaginary languages

Imperative

Impersonals

Indefinite pronouns

Indexicals

Indicative, Indication

Inflections

Inner speech

Interjections

Interlocutors

Interpersonal dimensions of language

Intensifiers

Interjections, Cries

Interlanguage. See Second language Acquisition – Interlanguage

International languages

Interpersonal dimensions (of language and communication)

Interrogatives

Intonation

Irregularity

Jargon, Lingo

Keywords

Knowledge and experience of language – Language culture

Language awareness

Language contact

Language diversity

Layered structure

Language families

Learnability

Learning

Levels of analysis

Licensing

Limitations of languae / Limits of language

Lingua franca / International languages

Linguistic consciousness / Linguistic awareness

Listeners

Literal language / Literal meaning

Locatives

Markedness

Materiality

Mathematical linguistics

Methods (for research)

Minority languages

Miscommunication

Monikers

Monolingualism

Monotonicity

Mother tongue

Moves

Names

Narrative. See Genres. Narrative. Narrative theory.

Nation and language

Native speakers

Negation

Negativity

Neologisms

Neuterality

Nominalization

Nominals

Nonnative speakers

Normativity. See Standard language.

Nouns

Number

Object

Official language. See Linguistic policy.

Omitted structures

Operators

Opposites

Optimality theory. See Structural linguistics.

Orality

Organs of speech

Orthography

Overhearing

Paleography

Paragraphs

Paremia

Parentheticals

Particles

Partitives

Passive

Perception of language

Performatives. See Pragmatids. Speech acts. Performatives.

Person

Phrases, Phraseology

Place adjuncts

Place names

Polarity

Polyglots

Polysemy

Polysyllables

Possessives

Power and language

Prepositional phrases

Prepositions

Private languages

Processes

Processing of language

Productivity (linguistic, grammatical)

Profanity. See Taboo language.

Propositions. See Genres. Philosophy. Logic. Other logic.

Prototypes

Punctuation

Race

Reality (language and)

Reconstruction

Reduplication

Reference. See Semiotics. Other semiotic categories.

Reflexive pronouns.

Reflexivity in language. See Metalanguage; Reflexivity.

Reforming language

Reformulations

Relational grammar

Relative clauses

Relic forms

Religion and language

Repair (in discourse)

Rhythm in language

Role and Reference Grammar

Rules (linguistic)

Sandhi

Science and language

Second language policies

Secret languages

Sexuality and language

Shifters

Solecisms

Space in language. See Motifs. S motifs. Space. Space and language.

Speaking guides

Spelling

Spontaneity / Planning

Spoonerisms

Standard language / Normativity

Statistical linguistics

Stress. See Accent and Stress.

Style. See Idiolect. See also: Register, Style (Literary Theory: Specific)

Subject

Subordination

Suffixes

Suppletion

Synonyms

Taboo language

Talk

Teaching linguistics / Teaching language analysis

Technical terms

Terminology (linguistic)

Text grammar. See Text.

Topological terms

Transcription (of texts and discourse)

Transformational grammars. See Generative Transformational Grammar.

Trilingual communication

Turn-taking. See Interation (Iinguistic)

Typography

Usage

Use of language. See Pragmatics; See also Speech – Writing – Conversation – Linguistic interaction

Use/Mention. See Reflexivity in language

Valency. See Verb phrase

Value, Axiology

Verbal duelling

Verbosity

Verbs of movement

Vernacular languages

Vitality (linguistic)

Vocabulary

Voice (individual voice quality)

Voice (in grammar)

Zero morphemes

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abbreviations

 

Dictionaries

 

Mossman, J., ed. Acronyms, Initialisms & Abbreviations Dictionary 17th ed. Gale Research, 1993.

 

 

 

Absolute constructions

 

Kardela, Henryk. "The Absolute Construal of Events. Evidence from English, Spanish and Polish." In Fifty Years of English Studies in Spain […] Actas del XXVI Congreso de AEDEAN, ed. Ignacio Palacios et al. Santiago de Compostela: U de Santiago de Compostela, 2003. 681-89.*

 

 

 

Abuse of language

 

Locke, John. "III.X. Of the Abuse of Words." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

_____. "III.XI. of the Remedies of the Foregoing Imperfections and Abuses." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

 

 

 

 

Accents

 

Honey, J. Does Accent Matter? London: Faber and Faber, 1989.

Kristiansen, Gitte. "Social and Linguistic Stereotyping: A Cognitive Approach to Accents." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 9 (2001).

Mugglestone, L. Talking Proper: The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol. Clarendon Press, 1995.

 

See also Varieties; Standard/nonstandard language; Varieties of English; Standard/nonstandard English.

 

 

 

Accusative

 

Fernández González, Jesús. "Reflexiones sobre la inacusatividad." In Palabras, Norma, Discurso: En memoria de Fernando Lázaro Carreter. Ed. Luis Santos Río et al. Salamanca: Ediciones U de Salamanca, 2005. 415-24.*

 

 

See also Case.

 

 

 

 

Acronyms

 

López Rúa, Paula. "On the Motivations of Initialisms." Actas del XXI Congreso Internacional AEDEAN. Ed. F. Toda et al. Sevilla: U de Sevilla, 1999. 627-33.*

_____. "On the History of Acronyms and Related Items: From Marginality to Success." In Fifty Years of English Studies in Spain […] Actas del XXVI Congreso de AEDEAN, ed. Ignacio Palacios et al. Santiago de Compostela: U de Santiago de Compostela, 2003. 457-62.*

 

 

Dictionaries

 

Diccionario de Acrónimos en Información y Documentación. Madrid: CINDOC, 1994.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Address

 

Albaladejo, Tomás. "La poliacroasis y su manifestación en la retórica política. A propósito del discurso inaugural de Barack Obama." In Los caminos de la lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Enrique Alcaraz Varó. Ed. J. L. Cifuentes et al. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante): Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2010. 927-39.*

Bakhtin, Mikhail M. "Slovo v romane." ("Discourse in the Novel"). 1934-35. Extract from "Iz predystorii romannogo slova." Voprosy Literatury 8 (1965): 84-95.

_____. "Slovo v poèzii i v proze" ("Discourse in Poetry and in Prose"). Extract from "Slovo v romane." Voprosy Literatury 6 (1972).

_____. "The Word in the Novel." Trans. of "Slovo v romane." Comparative Criticism Yearbook 2 (1980): 213-20.

_____. "Heteroglossia in the Novel." In Bakhtinian Thought: An Introductory Reader. Ed. Simon Dentith. London: Routledge, 1995. 1996. 195-224.*

_____. "Discourse in the Novel." In Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Ed. Michael Holquist. Austin: U of Texas P, 1981. 259-422.*

_____. From Discourse in the Novel. In Critical Theory since 1965. Ed.. Hazard Adams and Leroy Searle. Tallahassee: UPs of Florida / Florida State UP, 1986. 1990. 665-79.*

_____. From "Discourse in the Novel." In Modern Literary Theory: A Reader. Ed. Philip Rice and Patricia Waugh. 3rd ed. London: Arnold, 1996. 230-38.*

_____. "Discourse in the Novel." In Literary Theory: An Anthology. Ed. Julie Rivkin and Michael Ryan. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.

_____. "L'énoncé dans le roman." Trans. of "Slovo v romane." Langages  12 (1968): 126-32.

_____. "Du discours romanesque." In Bakhtin, Esthétique et théorie du roman. Paris Gallimard, 1978. 83-234.

Birke, Dorothee, and Robyn Warhol. "Multimodal You: Playing with Direct Address in Contemporary Narrative Television." In How to Do Things with Narrative: Cognitive and Diachronic Perspectives. Ed. Jan Alber and Greta Olson. Berlin and Boston: de Gruyter, 2017. 141-55.*

         DOI 10.1515/9783110569957-010

Brown, Roger, and Albert Gilman. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." In Style in Language. Ed. T. A. Sebeok. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1960. 253-76.

_____. "The Pronouns of Power and Solidarity." In Language and Social Context. Ed. P. Giglioli. London: Penguin, 1960.

_____. "Politeness Theory and Shakespeare's Four Major Tragedies." Language in Society 18.2 (1989): 159-212.

García Landa, José Angel. "El interlocutor interiorizado." Academia 5 jan. 2020.*

         https://www.academia.edu/41522044/

         2020

Hickey, Leo, and Ignacio Vázquez Orta. "El empleo de 'tú' y 'usted' en el discurso publipropagandístico." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 6 (1990): 73-82.*

Kacandes, Irene. "Address." In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Narrative Theory. Ed. David Herman, Manfred Jahn and Marie-Laure Ryan. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2005. 4-5.*

Sell, Roger D. "Dialogicality and Ethics: Four Cases of Literary Address." Language and Dialogue 1.1 (2011): 79-104.* doi 10.1075/ld.1.1.06sel  (Winston Churchill, Wordsworth, Dickens, Pinter).

         http://benjamins.com/catalog/ld.1.1.06sel?sa=1

         2011

_____. "Pope's Three Modes of Address." In Sell, Communicational Criticism: Studies in Literature as Dialogue. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2011. 83-150.*

Taavitsainen, Irma, and Andreas H. Jucker, eds. Diachronic Perspectives on Address Term Systems. (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series, 107). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002. (Early Mod.E, Emod. Spanish, Modern German).

Tate, Alison. "Bakhtin, Addressivity, and the Poetics of Objectivity." In The Language and Literature Reader. Ed. Ronald Carter and Peter Stockwell. Abingdon (UK) Routledge, 2008.*

Villacampa Bueno, Marta. "La traducción de las fórmulas de tratamiento en el doblaje y el subtitulado del francés al castellano." In Trasvases culturales: Literatura – Cine – Traducción. Ed. Raquel Merino, J. M. Santamaría, and Eterio Pajares. Bilbao: Servicio editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 2005. 283-95.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Adjectives

 

Benavente, Mariano. "Notas en torno a la posición del adjetivo y a la doble adjetivación en las lenguas indoeuropeas." Epos 12 (1996): 443-50.*

Bou Franch, Patricia. "Revisión contrastiva de secuencias de adjetivos no coordinados ingleses y españoles." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 6 (1990): 157-66.*

Comesaña Rincón, Joaquín. "Decoding and Encoding Grammatical Information in Adjectival Entries: Processes and Cases." Atlantis 23.2 (December 2001): 31-48.*

Kamp, Hans. "Two Theories about Adjectives." In Formal Semantics of Natural Language. Ed. Edward Keenan. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1975. 123-55. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

Martín Mingorance, Leocadio. "La semántica sintagmática del adjetivo. Parámetros para la organización de un lexicón inglés/español de valencias adjetivales." Actas del II Congreso Nacional de la Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada. Madrid: Sociedad General Española de Librería, 1985. 329-340.

Martínez del Castillo, Jesús G. "La estructura del predicado de los adjetivos dinámicos." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 6 (1990): 43-54.*

_____. "La gradabilidad del adjetivo." Atlantis 13 (1991): 21-36.*

_____. "The Predicate Structure of Noninherent Adjectives." XIV Congreso de AEDEAN. Bilbao: Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 1992. 149-54.*

_____. "The Predicate Structure of Restrictive Adjectives." Actas del XV Congreso de AEDEAN. Logroño: Colegio Universitario de La Rioja, 1993. 373-8.*

_____. "The Structure of Predication of Adjectives of 'Composition'." Proceedings of the XIXth International Conference of AEDEAN. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra et al. Vigo: Departamento de Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana da Universidade de Vigo, 1996. 385-90.*

_____. "Adjectives of 'Composition'." In XVIII Congreso de AEDEAN (Alcalá de Henares, 15-17 diciembre 1994). Ed. Ricardo J. Sola, Luis A. Lázaro and José A. Gurpegui. Alcalá: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alcalá, 1997. 103-4.*

_____. "The Concept of 'Abstract' and 'Concrete' Applied to the Adjectival Predication." Atlantis 19.1 (June 1997 [issued February 1999]): 227-36.*

_____. "Adjectives of 'Occurrence': The Linguistic Expression of Existence." Atlantis 20.1 (1998 [issued Dec. 1999]): 95-109.*

_____. La intelección, el significado, los adjetivos. Almería: U de Almería, 1999.

_____. Significado y conocimiento: la  significación  de los adjetivos subjetivos. (Serie Arjé  kaí Lógos). Granada: Granada Lingvistica, 2002.

Ojea López, Ana Isabel. "On the Eventive Structure of Adjectives and Adverbs." Atlantis 20.2 (1998 [issued Dec. 1999]): 159-75.*

 

 

 

Adjuncts

 

Corum, Claudia. "A pragmatic analysis of parenthetic adjuncts." In Papers from the Eleventh Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. 1975. 133-141.

Lyons, John. "8. Grammatical Functions." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 334-99.* (Subject, Predicate and Adjunct – Transitivity and Ergativity – Voice – Existential, Locative and Possessive Constructions).

 

 

 

Adverbials

 

Biber, Douglas, and Susan Conrad. "Adverbial Marking of Stance in Speech and Writing." In Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Ed. Susan Hunston and Geoffrey Thompson. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Pbk. 2001. 56-73.*

Haspelmath, Martin. From Space to Time: Temporal Adverbials in the World's Languages. (Lincom Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 2). Munich: Lincom Europa.

Haspelmath, Martin, and Ekkehard König, eds. Converbs in Crosslinguistic Perspective. c. 1996.

Ojea López, Ana Isabel. "On the Eventive Structure of Adjectives and Adverbs." Atlantis 20.2 (1998 [issued Dec. 1999]): 159-75.*

Pop, Liana. "Adverbes de textes." In Représentations du sens linguistique. Ed. D. Lagorgette and P. Larrivée. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Raemdonck, Dan van. "L'analyse syntaxique à l'épreuve du sens: le cas des adverbiaux paradigmatisants." In Représentations du sens linguistique. Ed. D. Lagorgette and P. Larrivée. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Virtanen, Tuija. Discourse Functions of Adverbial Placements in English: Clause-Initial Adverbials of Time and Place in Narratives and Procedural Place Descriptions. Åbo: Åbo Akademi, 1992.

 

 

Agent

 

van Oosten, Jeanne. The Nature of Subjects, Topics and Agents: A Cognitive Explanation. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1986.

 

 

 

Agrammaticality. See Grammaticality.

 

 

Agreement

 

Quereda, L. "Microconcord." G.R.E.T.A. Revista para profesores de inglés (1993): 58-60.

Siewierska, Anna. "On the Function of Subject and Object Agreement: A Global Perspective." In AEDEAN Select Papers in Language, Literature and Culture: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference. [U of Córdoba, 1993]. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra. Vigo: AEDEAN, 2000. 105-11.*

Van Kampen, Jacqueline. "Acquisition Preferences for Negative Concord." In The Evolution of Language. Ed. Andrew D. M. Smith et al. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2010. 321-28.*

 

 

Alphabet

 

Benoist, Alain de. L'Écriture Runique et les origines de l'écriture. Editions Yoran Embanner, 2017.

Diringer, D. The Alphabet. 2 vols. 3rd ed. Hutchinson, 1968.

Genette, Gérard. Mimologiques: voyage en Cratylie. (Poétique). Paris: Seuil, 1976.*

_____. Mimologiques: Voyage en Cratylie. (Points; Essais, 386). Paris: Seuil, 1999.

_____. Mimologics.Trans. Thaïs Morgan. Foreword by Gerald Prince. U of Nebraska P, 1995.*

Healey, J. F. The Early Alphabet. U of California P, 1990.

Kristeva, Julia. "II.6. L'alphabet phénicien." In Kristeva, Le langage, cet inconnu: Une initiation à la linguistique. 1969. Paris: Seuil, 1981. 96-100.*

Purchas, Samuel. "[Part I, Book 1] Chap. XVII. A Discourse of the diversitie of Letters used by divers Nations of the World; the Antiquitie, manifold use and varietie thereof: with exemplarie descriptions of very many strange Alphabets. Letters, how ancient and usefull; by whom invented. Samaritan Letters whether ancienter then the present Hebrew. Greeke Inscriptions in Ionike Letters. Inventors of Letters. Diversity of Letters, and of the posture or reading of them. Phoenician, Hebrew, Ionike, Greeke and Latine Letters compared. Hiroglyphicall Obeliske. Hebrew Letters. Israel-Samaritan Coines. Divers kindes of Alphabets. Divers Alphabets, old and new. Divers kinds of Easterne Alphabets. Malabar writing. Gotike, Saxon and English Alphabets." In Purchas, Hakluytus Posthumus: or, Purchas His Pilgrimes. Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and Others. Vol. 1. Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons, 1905. Rpt. (Cambridge Library Collection). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2014. 485-505.*

Salvador, Gregorio, and Juan R. Lodares. Historia de las letras. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1996.

 

 

Internet resources

 

"Uyghur Alphabet." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.*

         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uighur_alphabet

         2012

 

 

See also Writing.

 

 

 

 

 

Ambiguity

 

Alston, William P. Philosophy of Language. Englewood Cliffs (NJ): Prentice-Hall, 1964.*

Barker, Chris. "A Presuppositional Account of Proportional Ambiguity." In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 3. Ithaca (NY): CLC Publications, Cornell U, 1993. 1-18. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.

Bullwinkle, Candace. "Levels of Complexity in Discourse for Anaphora Disambiguation and Speech Act Interpretation." In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1977. 43-9.

Eisenberg, Peter. "Zum Begriff der syntaktischen Mehrdeutigkeit." Linguistische  Berichte 48 (1977): 28-46.

Endicott, Timothy Andrew Orvville.  Vagueness in Law. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Hirsh-Pasek, Kathy, Lila R. Gleitman and Henry Gleitman. "What Did the Brain Say to the Mind? A Study of the Detection and Report of Ambiguity by Young Children." In The Child's Conception of Language. Ed. A. Sinclair, R. J. Jarvella an W. J. M. Levelt. Berlin: Springer, 1978. 97-132.

Kooij, Jan G. Ambiguity in Natural Language. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1971.

Scheffler, Israel. Beyond the Letter: A Philosophical Inquiry into Ambiguity, Vagueness and Metaphor in Language. London: Routledge, 1979.

Shultz, Thomas R., and Robert Pilon. "Development of the Ability to Detect Linguistic Ambiguity." Child Development 44 (1973): 728-33.

Weiser, A. "Deliberate Ambiguity." Papers form the 10th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society (1974): 723-31.

 

 

 

 

 

Anacoluthon

 

Miller, J. Hillis. "Twelve: The Anacoluthonic Lie."  In Miller, Reading Narrative. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1998. 149-57.* (Trollope, love, retrospection).

Palacios, Azucena. "Sobre un tipo de anacoluto en la lengua medieval." Analecta Malacitana 19.1 (1996): 89-100.*

 

 

Analysis

 

Carl, J. Contrastive Analysis. London: Longman, 1980.

 

 

Anaphora

 

Barss, Andrew, ed. Anaphora: A Reference Guide. (Explaining Linguistics). Oxford: Blackwell, 2002.

Bullwinkle, Candace. "Levels of Complexity in Discourse for Anaphora Disambiguation and Speech Act Interpretation." In Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. 1977. 43-9.

Camarazza, Alfonso, Ellen Grober and Jack Yates. "Comprehension of Anaphoric Pronouns." Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16 (1977).

Fox, B. Discourse Structure and Anaphora. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1993.

Gensler, Orin. "Non-Syntactic Anaphora and Frame Semantics." Proceedings of Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, Institute of Human Learning, U of California, Berkeley, 1977. Ed. Muriel Saville-Troike. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP, 1977.

González Ruiz, Ramón. "Algunas notas en torno a un mecanismo de cohesión textual: la anáfora conceptual." In Estudios sobre el texto: Nuevos enfoques y propuestas. Ed. Azucena Penas and Rosario González. Frankfurt a/M: Peter Lang, 2009. 247-78.*

Hinds, J., ed. Anaphora in Discourse: Current Inquiry into Language and Linguistics 22 (1978).

Huang, Yan. Anaphora: A Cross-Linguistic Approach. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Klein, E., and M. Johson. "Discourse, Anaphora and Parsing." Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and the 24th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguitics. Bonn: Bonn U, Institut für Kommunicationsforschung und Phonetik, 1986.

Kuno, S. Functional Syntax: Anaphora, Discourse and Empathy. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.

Lonzi, L. "Anaphore et récit." Communications 16 (1970). Paris: Seuil.

Mackenzie, J. Lachlan. "Anaphoric Reference to Entities and Places in Literal and Metaphorical Contexts." Journal of English Studies 5-6 (2005-2008): 193-208.*

Murillo Ornat, Silvia. "Developing the Message: Retake Phenomena in Scientific Lectures." In English as a GloCalization Phenomenon. Observations for a Linguistic Microcosm. Ed. C. Pérez-Llantada and G. Ferguson. Valencia: Universidad de Valencia, 2006. 115-130.

Ribera, Josep. "Text Deixis in Narrative Sequences." In Cognitive Linguistics: From Words to Discourse. Ed. Javier Valenzuela et al. Monograph issue of IJES: International Journal of English Studies 7.1 (2007): 149-68.* (Reference, Deixis, Anaphora, Demonstrative noun phrase, nouns, lexical cohesion).

Rico Pérez, Celia. "Can We Calculate Anaphora?" In XVIII Congreso de AEDEAN (Alcalá de Henares, 15-17 diciembre 1994). Ed. Ricardo J. Sola, Luis A. Lázaro and José A. Gurpegui. Alcalá: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alcalá, 1997. 369-74.*

Roberts, Craige. "Model Subordination and Pronominal Anaphora in Discourse." Linguistics and Philosophy 12 (1989): 683-722. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.

Santos Río, Luis. "Nombres con alma, a veces, de partícula." In Palabras, Norma, Discurso: En memoria de Fernando Lázaro Carreter. Ed. Luis Santos Río et al. Salamanca: Ediciones U de Salamanca, 2005. 1121-31.* (Anaphora, discourse markers).

Villar Díaz, María Belén. "¿De qué coche me hablas? Bloqueos lingüísticos de la inferencia en las anáforas asociativas." In Palabras, Norma, Discurso: En memoria de Fernando Lázaro Carreter. Ed. Luis Santos Río et al. Salamanca: Ediciones U de Salamanca, 2005. 1211-18.*

Wiese, Bernd. "Anaphora by pronouns." Linguistics 21 (1983): 373-417.

 

 

Animal communication. See Animals (Animal communication)

 

 

Animate/Inanimate

 

Martín Arista, Javier, and Ana Ibáñez Moreno. "El rasgo [±] animado y las explicaciones funcionales: dos casos de morfosintaxis diacrónica." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 9 (2001).

 

 

 

Anthropology and Language

 

Cassirer, Ernst. "VIII. El lenguaje." In Cassirer, Antropología Filosófica: Introducción a una filosofía de la cultura. Madrid: FCE, 1983. 166-205.*

 

 

 

 

 

Anti-language

 

Halliday, M. A. K. "Anti-Language." American Anthropologist 78 (1976).

 

 

 

Antonyms

 

Escarpanter, José. Sinónimos y antónimos. Madrid: Playor, 1996.

Jones, Steven. Antonymy: A Corpus-Based Perspective. (Routledge Advances in Corpus Linguistics 2). London: Routledge, 2002.

Lehrer, A. "Markedness and Antonymy." Journal of Linguistics 21 (1985): 397-429.

 

 

 

 

 

Apposition

 

Blakemore, D. "Are Apposition Markers Discourse Markers?" Journal of Linguistics 32 (1996): 325-47.

Burton-Roberts, Noël. "Nominal Apposition." Foundations of Language 13 (1975): 391-419.

 

 

 

Appraisal. See Stance.

 

 

Arbitrariness/Motivation of language

 

Armstrong, David F. "Iconicity, Arbitrariness, and Duality of Patterning in Signed and Spoken Language." Sign Language Studies 38 (1983): 51-69.

Fischer, Olga, and Max Nänny, eds. Form Miming Meaning: Iconicity in Language and Literature. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999.

_____. The Motivated Sign: Iconicity in Languge and Literature 2. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2001.

Gadamer, Hans-Georg. "13. Acuñación del concepto de 'lenguaje' a lo largo de la historia del pensamiento occidental." In Gadamer, Verdad y método: Fundamentos de una hermenéutica filosófica. Trans. Ana Agud Aparicio and Rafael de Agapito. (Trans. of 4th ed.). Salamanca: Sígueme, 1977.* (Lenguaje y logos. Lenguaje y verbo. Lenguaje y formación de los conceptos).

García Landa, José Angel. "Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, Nihilism, and Arbitrariness." (Typescript, Brown University, 1989). Online edition (2004):

http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/publicaciones/nihilism.html

2013

_____. "Nietzsche, Wittgenstein, Nihilism, and Arbitrariness." Academia 4 Dec. 2014.*

https://www.academia.edu/9625553/

2014

Genette, Gérard. Mimologiques: voyage en Cratylie. (Poétique). Paris: Seuil, 1976.*

_____. Mimologiques: Voyage en Cratylie. (Points; Essais, 386). Paris: Seuil, 1999.

_____. Mimologics.Trans. Thaïs Morgan. Foreword by Gerald Prince. U of Nebraska P, 1995.*

Harris, Roy, and Talbot J. Taylor. "Socrates on Names." In Harris and Taylor, Landmarks in Linguistic Thought I: The Western Tradition from Socrates to Saussure. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1997. 1-19.*

Joseph, John E. Limiting the Arbitrary: Linguistic Naturalism in Plato's Cratylus and Modern Theories of Language. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2000.

Martinet, André. "La doble articulación del lenguaje." In Martinet, La lingüística sincrónica. Madrid: Gredos,  1968. 1978.* (I. Naturaleza y caracterización del lenguaje humano. II. El criterio de la articulación. III. Arbitrariedad lingüística y doble articulación).

Monaghan, Padraic, Morten H. Christiansen and Stanka Fitneva. "Balancing Arbitrariness and Systematicity in Language Evolution." Abstract in The Evolution of Language. Ed. Andrew D. M. Smith et al. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2010. 465-66.*

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. Cambio semántico y competencia gramatical. (Lingüística Iberoamericana, 33). Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt a/M: Vervuert, 2009.*

Plato. Cratylus. Trans. H. N. Fowler. (Loeb Classical Library, vol. IV). Cambridge (MA): Harvard UP, 1977.

Rossi-Landi, Ferruccio. "Acerca del prejuicio contractual." In Rossi-Landi, Semiótica y estética. Buenos Aires: Nueva Vision, 1976. 17-24.*

Saussure, F. de. Cours de linguistique générale. many editions.

Wierzbicka, Anna. "Oats and Wheat: The Fallacy of Arbitrariness." In Iconicity in Syntax. Ed. John Haiman. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1985. 311-42.

Wright, E. "Arbitrariness and Motivation: A New Theory." Foundations of Language 14 (1976): 505-23.

 

See also Iconicity; Arbitrariness (in semiotics).

 

 

 

Articles

 

Snape, Neal, María Pilar García Mayo and Ayse Gürel. "L1 transfer in Article Selection for Generic Reference by Spanish, Turkish and Japanese L2 Learners." IJES 13.1 (2013): 1-28.*

Torrado Mariñas, Laura. "Definite Article Use in the IL of Spanish Speakers: A Multi-Dimensional Problem." Miscelánea 43 (2011): 87-105.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Artificial languages

 

Borges, Jorge Luis. "El idioma analítico de John Wilkins." In Borges, Otras inquisiciones. 1960. Madrid: Alianza, 1985. 102-6.*

_____. "El idioma analítico de John Wilkins." In Ciudad Seva

         http://www.ciudadseva.com/textos/teoria/opin/borges3.htm

         2009

_____. "The Analytical Language of John Wilkins." Trans. Will Fitzgerald.

         http://www.entish.org/essays/Wilkins.html

         2009

García Landa, José Ángel. "Ekskubalauron, Logopandecteision, &c." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 17 May 2012.*

         http://vanityfea.blogspot.com.es/2012/05/urquhart-ekskubalauron-logopandecteison.html

         2012

Genette, Gérard. Mimologics. Trans. Thaïs Morgan. Foreword by Gerald Prince. U of Nebraska P, 1995.*

Libert, Alan. A Priori Artificial Languages. (Languages of the World 24). Munich: Lincom Europa. (aUI, Babm, Fitusa, Loglan/Lojban, Suma).

Polanco Masa, Alejandro. "Lengua ignota." In Tecnología Obsoleta 20 March 2009.* (Hildegard von Bingen).

         http://www.alpoma.net/tecob/?p=1092

         2009

Pullum, G., and G. Gazdar. "Natural Languages and Context-Free Languages." Linguistics and Philosophy 4 (1982): 471-504.

Richards, I. A. Basic English and Its Uses. New York: Norton, 1943.

Urquhart, Thomas (Sir). Ekskubalauron, or The Discovery of a Most Exquisite Jewel. 1652. (Universal language).

_____. Logopandecteision or an Introduction to the Universal Language. 1653.

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

The Linguist List (Eastern Michigan University / Wayne State University)

http://linguistlist.org/

 

 

 

See also Secret languages; Universal languages.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Artificial speech

 

Liberman, A. M., F. Ingemann, L. Lisker, P. C. Delattre, and F. S. Cooper. "Minimal Rules for Synthesizing Speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 31 (1959).

Lisker, L. "Linguistic Segments, Acoustic Segments and Synthetic Speech." Language 33 (1957).

 

 

 

See also Computational linguistics.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Asymmetry

 

Di Sciullo, Anna-Maria. Asymmetry in Grammar. Vol. 1: Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 2: Morphology, Phonology, Acquisition. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 57, 58). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

 

 

 

Attribute

 

Tornoel Sala, J. L. "Contigüidad e iconicidad en el atributo de sujeto." Sintagma 8 (1996): 47-56.*

 

 

 

Babble

 

Miguel, Amando de. "V. Verbos y verborrea." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 159-63.*

 

 

See also Psychobabble; Verbosity; Jargon.

 

 

 

 

Borrowing

 

Gómez Capuz, Juan. "Towards a Typological Classification of Linguistic Borrowing (Illustrated with Anglicisms in Romance Languages)." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 10 (1997): 81-94.*

 

 

 

 

Cant

 

West, William N. "How to Talk the Talk, or, The Work of Cant on the Jacobean Stage." English Literary Renaissance (forthcoming 2002)

 

 

 

 

Case

 

Belle, William Van, and Willy Van Langendonck, eds. The Dative: Vol. 1: Descriptive Studies. Vol 2: Theoretical and Contrastive Studies. (Case and Grammatical Relations Across Languages, 2, 3). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1996, 1998.

Blake, B. Case. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Davidse, Kristin, and Béatrice Lamiroy, eds. The Nominative and Accusative and Their Counterparts. (Case and Grammatical Relations Across Languages, 4). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.* (Romance and Germanic languages, Polish, Basque, Cora, Warrwa, Ewe).

Fillmore, Charles J. "The Case for Case." In Universals in Linguistic Theory, ed. E. Bach and R. T. Harms. New York: Holt, 1968.

Garrudo Carabias, Francisco. "Enlace mediante casos entre inglés y español." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 6 (1990): 9-18.*

Jakobson, Roman. "Contribución a la teoría general de los casos. Significaciones generales de los casos rusos. Apéndice: Estudio morfológico de la declinación eslava (Estructura de las formas casuales rusas)." In Jakobson, Ensayos de lingüística general. Barcelona: Planeta-Agostini, 1985. 235-306.*

Lyons, John. "7. Grammatical Categories." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 270-333.* (Introductory – Deictic Categories – Number and Gender – Case – Tense, Mood and Aspect – The Parts of Speech).

Miyagawa, Shigeru. Case, Argument Structure, and Word Order. (Routledge Leading Linguists). London: Routledge, 2012.

Schlesinger, Izchak M. Cognitive Space and Linguistic Case: Semantic and Syntactic Categories in English. (Studies in English Language). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Voeikova, Maria. "The Acquisition of Case in Typologically Different Languages." In Pre- and Protomorphology: Early Phases of Morphological Development in Nouns and Verbs. Ed. Maria D. Voeikova and W. U. Dressler. Munich: Lincom Europa, c. 2002.

 

 

Bibliography

 

Campe, Petra. Case Semantic Roles, and Grammatical Relations: A Comprehensive Bibliography. (Case and Grammatical Relations Across Languages, 1). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1994.

 

 

 

Series

 

 (Case and Grammatical Relations Across Languages, 4). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.*

 

 

Case grammar

 

Anderson, John M. The Grammar of Case: Towards a Localist Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1971.

_____. On Case Grammar: Prolegomena to a Theory of Grammatical Relations. London: Croom Helm, 1977.

Cook, W. Case Grammar Theory. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP, 1989.

Fillmore, Charles J. "The Case for Case." In Universals in Linguistic Theory, ed. E. Bach and R. T. Harms. New York: Holt, 1968.

González Escribano, José Luis. "Be and Case Theory." In Los caminos de la lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Enrique Alcaraz Varó. Ed. J. L. Cifuentes et al. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante): Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2010. 613-32.*

Rudanko, J. Complementation and Case Grammar. Albany (NY): SUNY Press, 1989.

 

 

 

Cataphora

 

Hatim, Basil. "9. Cataphora as a Textural Manifestation." In Hatim, Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 1997. Rpt. 2000. 89-98.*

 

 

 

 

 

Categories (Linguistic)

 

Lyons, John. "7. Grammatical Categories." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 270-333.* (Introductory – Deictic Categories – Number and Gender – Case – Tense, Mood and Aspect – The Parts of Speech).

_____. "8. Grammatical Functions." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 334-99.* (Subject, Predicate and Adjunct – Transitivity and Ergativity – Voice – Existential, Locative and Possessive Constructions).

 

 

See also Categories (Logic).

 

 

 

Categorial grammar. See Cognitive linguistics.

 

 

 

 

Causatives

 

Cerbasi, Donato. "The Causee in Romance and Germanic Causative Constructions." Languages in Contrast 1.2 (1998): 161-72.

Mori, Olga. Frases infinitivas preposicionales en la zona significativa causal: Estudio contrastivo español-inglés. Tübingen: Narr.

Rosca, Andreea. "Accounting for Causal Constructions within the Framework of the Lexical Constructional Model." Atlantis 36.1 (2014): 51-69.*

Song, Jae Jung. "Language Typology: Toward a Typology of Causative Constructions." Languages of the World 5 (1992). Rpt as book: Language Typology: Toward a Typology of Causative Constructions. (Languages of the World 23). Munich: Lincom Europa.

_____. Causatives and Causation: A Universal-Typological Perspective. (Longman Linguistics Library). London: Longman, 1996.

Zubizarreta, N. L. "The Relation between Morpho-Phonology and Morphosyntax: The Case of Romance Causatives." Linguistic Inquiry 16 (1985): 247-90.

 

 

See also Causality.

 

 

 

 

Certification and Assessment

 

Universidad de Zaragoza. "Certificación de niveles de competencia en lenguas modernas." Universidad de Zaragoza (Información Académica).*

         https://academico.unizar.es/estudios-de-grado/certificacion-niveles-de-competencia-en-lenguas-modernas

         2022

 

 

See also Testing language.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cheapness of words

 

Montaigne, Michel de. "I.li. De la vanidad de las palabras." In Montaigne, Ensayos completos. Madrid: Cátedra, 2003. 2010. 325-27.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Children's language. See First language acquisition.

 

 

 

 

Circumlocution

 

Fernández Dobao, Ana María. "Circumlocution Strategies in Foreign Language Interaction: A Collaborative Creation of Meaning Process." In AEDEAN XXX: Proceedings of the 30th International AEDEAN Conference. [Huelva, 2006]. Ed. María Losada Friend et al. Huelva: U de Huelva, 2007.*

 

 

 

 

Classifiers

 

Allan, Keith. "Classifiers." Language 53 (1977): 285-311.

 

 

 

Clauses

 

Dittmann, Allen T., and Lynn G. Llewellyn. "The Phonemic Clause as a Unit of Speech Decoding." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 6 (1967): 341-49.

Fairclough, Norman. "6. Clauses: Types of Exchange, Speech Functions and Grammatical Mood." In Fairclough, Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2003. 105-20.*

_____. "Clauses: Type of Exchange, Speech Functions and Grammatical Mood." In Fairclough, Analysing Discourse: Textual Analysis for Social Research. London: Routledge, 2003. 105-20.*

Langacker, Ronald W. "Strategies of Clausal Possession." In Contrastive Cognitive Linguistics. Ed. Javier Valenzuela and Ana Rojo. Monograph issue of IJES 3.2 (2003): 1-24.* (Location, grammaticalization, reference point).

 

 

 

Clipping

 

Fedulenkova, Tatiana. "A New Approach to the Clipping of Communicative Phraseological Units." RANAM: Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines no. 36 (2003): ESSE 6—Strasbourg 2002. 2- Linguistics. Gen. ed. A. Hamm. Sub-eds. Pierre Frath and Matti Rissanen. Strasbourg: Université Marc Bloch, Service des périodiques, 2003. 11-22.*

 

 

 

Clitics

 

Gerlach, Birgit. Clitics between Syntax and Lexicon. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 51). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002. (Generative).

Panagiotidis, Phoevos (U of London). Pronouns, Clitics and Empty Nouns: "Pronominality" and Licensing in Syntax. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 46). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

 

 

 

 

 

Co-reference

 

Ryder, Mary Ellen. "I Met Myself Coming and Going: Co(?)-referential Noun Phrases and Point of View in Time Travel Stories." Science Fiction and Literary Linguistics. Special issue of Language and Literature 12.3 (2003): 213-32.*

 

 

 

Code-switching

 

Blom, Jan-Peter, and John J. Gumperz. "Social Meaning in Linguistic Structure: Code-Switching in Norway." In Directions in Sociolinguistics. Ed. John J. Gumperz and Dell H. Hymes. New York: Holt, 1972. 407-34.

_____. "Social Meaning in Linguistic Structure: Code-Switching in Norway." In  The Bilingualism Reader. Ed. Li Wei. London: Routledge, 2000. 2001. 111-36.*

Clyne, Michael. "Constraints on Code-Switching: How Universal Are They?" In  The Bilingualism Reader. Ed. Li Wei. London: Routledge, 2000. 2001. 257-80.*

Gumperz, John J. "Conversational Code Switching." In Gumperz, Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982. 1999. 59-99.*

Heller, Monica S. "Strategic Ambiguity: Code-Switching in the Management of Conflict." Selection. In English: History, Diversity and Change. Ed. David Graddol, Dick Leith and Joan Swann. London: Routledge / Open UP, 1996.*

Montes-Granado, Consuelo. "Code-Switching as a Strategy of Brevity in Sandra Cisneros’ Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories." In Short Story Theories: A Twenty-First-Century Perspective. Ed. Viorica Patea. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2012.

Moyer, Melissa G. Analysis of Code-switching in Gibraltar. Microfiche. (Tesis doctorales U de Barcelona).  Bellaterra, Barcelona: Publicacions de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 1993.

_____. "The Production of Code-Switched Sentences: Grammatical and Processing Constraints." In XVIII Congreso de AEDEAN (Alcalá de Henares, 15-17 diciembre 1994). Ed. Ricardo J. Sola, Luis A. Lázaro and José A. Gurpegui. Alcalá: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alcalá, 1997. 231-42.*

Myers-Scotton, Carol. "Codeswitching with English: Types of Switching, Types of Communities." Selection. In English: History, Diversity and Change. Ed. David Graddol, Dick Leith and Joan Swann. London: Routledge / Open UP, 1996.*

_____. "Code-Switching as Indexical of Social Negotiations." In The Bilingualism Reader. Ed. Li Wei. London: Routledge, 2000. 2001. 137-65.*

Myers-Scotton, Carol, and Janice L. Jake. "Matching Lemmas in a Bilingual Language Competence and Production Model: Evidence from Intrasentential Code-Switching." In The Bilingualism Reader. Ed. Li Wei. London: Routledge, 2000. 2001. 281-320.*

Oksaar, Els. "Code Switching as an Interactional Strategy for Developing Bilingual Competence." Word 27.1-2-3 (April-Aug.-Dec. 1971). Special issue: Child Language-1975. International Linguistic Association, 1976. 377-85.*

Poplack, Shana. "Sometimes I'll Start a Sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a Typology of Code-Switching." In The Bilingualism Reader. Ed. Li Wei. London: Routledge, 2000. 2001. 221-56.*

Swann, Joan, and Indra Sinka. "Style Shifting, Codeswitching." In Changing English. Ed. David Graddol et al. Abingdon and New York: Routledge; Milton Keynes: The Open University, 2007. 227-68.*

 

 

See also Bilingualism, Multilingualism.

 

 

Collocations

 

Almela, Moisés. "Collocation, Colligation and Lexical Projection: A Corpus-Based Study of 'Mirror Verbs' in English and Spanish." In Los caminos de la lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Enrique Alcaraz Varó. Ed. J. L. Cifuentes et al. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante): Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2010. 329-49.*

Cross, M. "Collocation in Computer Modelling of Lexis as Most Delicate Grammar." In Register Analysis: Theory and Practice. Ed. M. Ghadessy. London: Pinter Publishers, 1993. 196-220.

De Cock, Sylvie. "Preferred Sequences of Words in NS and NNS Speech." BELL ns 2 (2004): 225-46.

De Rycker, Teun. "Lists, Boxes or Maps? Recording and Retrieving Collocations in an ELT/ESP Context." BELL ns 2 (2004): 315-28.

Luque Durán, Juan de Dios, and Antonio Pamies Bertrán, eds. La creatividad en el lenguaje: Colocaciones idiomáticas y fraseología. Granada: Método Ediciones / Granada Lingvistica, 2005.

Portero Muñoz, Carmen. "Theoretically Possible vs. Actually Occurring: The Use of Linguistic Corpora in the Identification of Lexical Regularities." In First International Conference on English Studies: Past, Present and Future: Costa de Almería, 19-25 de Octubre, 1997. Ed. Annette Gomis et al. CD-ROM. Almería: U de Almería, n.d. [2001]*

Sinclair, John. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1991.

Stuart, Keith, and Ana Botella. "Corpus Linguistics, Network Analysis and Co-Occurrence Matrices." In Recent and Applied Corpus-based Studies. Monograph issue of International Journal of English Studies (Special issue 2009): 1-20.*

 

 

 

 

Colonialism and language

 

Calvet, L-J. Linguistique et colonialisme. Paris: Payot, 1974.

 

 

 

Commentary (Linguistic)

 

Caballero, Rosario. "Textual Input and Learning Outcomes: Enriching Input Through Genre Analysis." Atlantis 29.1 (June 2007): 69-86.*

Carter, Ronald, Angela Goddard, Danuta Reah, Keith Sanger and Maggie Bowring. Working with Texts: A Core Introduction to Language Analysis. 2nd ed. (Intertext). London: Routledge, 2001.

Cornbleet, Sandra, and Ronald Carter. The Language of Speech and Writing. (Intertext). London: Routledge, 2001.

Fairclough, Norman. Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language. (Language in Social Life Series). Harlow: Longman, 1995. (Language and power, language and ideology)

_____. Critical Discourse Analysis. (Language in Social Life Series). Rpt. Pearson Education-Longman, n.d.*

Fowler, Roger. Linguistic Criticism. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1986. 1990.*

Goatly, Andrew. Critical Reading and Writing: An Introductory Coursebook. London: Routledge, 2000.*

Marcos Marín, F. El comentario lingüístico. Madrid: Cátedra, 1977.

_____. El comentario lingüístico: Metodología y práctica. Madrid: Cátedra, 1983.

 

See also Stylistics.

 

 

 

 

Comparative clauses

 

Romero Cambrón, Angeles. "Historia sintáctica de las construcciones comparativas con subdelección." Analecta Malacitana 18.2 (1995): 381-94.*

 

 

Comparative Linguistics / Comparative Grammar

 

Anttila, Raimo. An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. New York: Macmillan, 1972.*

_____. Historical and Comparative Linguistics. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1989.

Auroux, S. "Representation and the Place of Linguistic Change Before Comparative Grammar." In Leibniz, Humboldt, and the Origins of Comparativism. Ed. T. De Mauro and L. Formigiari. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1990. 213-38.

Baxter, William H. "Where Does the 'Comparative Method' Come From?" In The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer. Ed. Fabrice Cavoto. 2 vols. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Beckner, C., R. Blythe, J. Bybee, M. H. Christiansen, W. Croft, N. C. Ellis, J. Holland, K. Jinyun, D. Larsen-Freeman, and T. Schoenemann. "Language is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper." Language Learning 59.1 (2009): 1-26.

Bhat, D. N.  The Prominence of Tense, Aspect, and Mood. (Studies in Language Companion Series, 49). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1999. Online in Google Books:

         http://books.google.es/books?id=cTNFyNZXkTcC

         2010

De Mauro, T., and L. Formigiari, eds. Leibniz, Humboldt, and the Origins of Comparativism. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1990.

Elms, Teresa. "Lexical Distance Between the Languages of Europe." Etymologikon 4 March 2008.*

         https://elms.wordpress.com/2008/03/04/lexical-distance-among-languages-of-europe/

         2017

Freidin, Robert, ed. Principles and Parameters in Comparative Grammar. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1991.

Futrell, Richard, Kyle Mahowald and Edward Gibson. "Large-Scale Evidence of Dependency-Length Minimization in 37 Languages." PNAS 112.33 (August 2015): 10336-10441.*

         doi: 10.1073/pnas.1502134112

         http://www.pnas.org/content/112/33/10336

         2017

Harris, A., and L. Campbell. Historical Syntax in Cross-Linguistic Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.

Lyons, John. "1. Linguistics: The Scientific Study of Language." Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 1-53.* (Introductory - Traditional grammar - Comparative philology -  Modern Linguistics).

Meillet, Antoine. Introduction à l'étude comparative des langues indoeuropéennes. 1903. Paris, 1912.

_____. La méthode comparative en linguistique historique. 1925.

Newman, Paul. "Comparative Linguistics." In African Languages: An Introduction. Ed. Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Sanchís, Jesús. "Comparative Philology an Proto-Languages." Language Continuity 31 Aug. 2009.*

         http://languagecontinuity.blogspot.com/2009/08/comparative-philology-and-proto.html

         2009

 

 

 

Journals

 

The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics.

www.springeronline.com

 

Languages in Contrast 1.2 (1998). Introd. Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen, Bart Defrancq and Kristin Davidse. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.

 

 

See also Comparative linguistics (English, Spanish, French, etc.); Contrastive linguistics.

 

 

 

 

 

Comparatives

 

Kennedy, Christopher. "Comparison and Polar Opposition." In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 5. Ithaca (NY): CLC Publications, Cornell U, 1997. 240-57. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

Lerner, Jean-Yves, and Manfred Pinkal. "Comparatives and Nested Quantification." In Proceedings of the Eighth Amsterdam Colloquium. Amsterdam: ILLC, U of Amsterdam, 1991. 329-45. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

Competence / Performance

 

Canale, M. "From Communicative Competence to Communicative Language Pedagogy." In Language and Communication. Ed. J. C. Richards and R. W. Schmidt. London: Longman, 1983. 2-27.

Celce-Murcia, M., Z. Dornyei and S. Thurrell. "Communicative Competence: A Pedagogically Motivated Framework with Content Specifications." Issues in Applied Linguistics 6 (1995): 5-35.

Cenoz, Jasone. "La competencia comunicativa: su origen y componentes." In La competencia pragmática: Elementos lingüisticos y psicosociales. Ed. Jasone Cenoz and José F. Valencia. Bilbao: Servicio Editorial, U del País Vasco/EHU, 1996. 95-114.*

Cenoz, Jasone, and José F. Valencia, eds. La competencia pragmática: Elementos lingüísticos y psicosociales. Vitoria: Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 1996.*

Chipere, Ngoni. Understanding Complex Sentences: Native Speaker Variations in Syntactic Competence.  Houndmills: Palgrave, 2003.

Chomsky, Noam. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1965.*

_____. Aspectos de la teoría de la sintaxis. Madrid: Aguilar, 1970.*

Coseriu, Eugenio. Competencia lingüística. Madrid: Gredos, 1992.

Fauconnier, Gilles, and Mark Turner. The Way We Think: Conceptual Blending and the Mind's Hidden Complexities. New York: Perseus Books-Basic Books, 2002.* (Imagination, causality, relations, analogy, origin of language, fiction, fantasy, meaning, experience, events, proto-narrative, attention, memory, children's narrative, narrative competence, narrative interviews, life stories, cultural identity, personal identity, citizenship).

         http://markturner.org/wwt.html

         2015

Gumperz, John J. "Communicative Competence." In Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. Ed. Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997. Rpt. Palgrave. 39-48.*

Hatim, Basil. "1. Contrastive Linguistic Decisions: The Need for Textual Competence." In Hatim, Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 1997. Rpt. 2000. 1-12.*

Hauser, Marc D. "Evolving Linguistic Competence in the Absence of Performance." Abstract in The Evolution of Language. Ed. Andrew D. M. Smith et al. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2010. 416-18.*

Hymes, Dell H. "Competence and Performance in Linguistic Theory." In Language Acquisition: Models and Methods. Ed. R. Huxley and E. Ingrams. London: Academic Press, 1971. 3-28.

_____. "On Communicative Competence." In Sociolinguistics. Ed. J. B. Pride and J. Holmes. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. 269-93.

Martinell, Emma. "¿Qué ha sido de la competencia lingüística?" In Eugenio Coseriu in memoriam II. Ed. Jesús G. Martínez del Castillo. Granada: Granada Lingvistica, 2005.

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. Cambio semántico y competencia gramatical. (Lingüística Iberoamericana, 33). Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt a/M: Vervuert, 2009.*

Rouchdy, Aleya. "Competence and Performance: Is a Child's Native Language Affected by the Acquisition of a Second Language?" Word 27.1-2-3 (April-Aug.-Dec. 1971). Special issue: Child Language-1975. International Linguistic Association, 1976. 411-20.*

Scarcella, R. C., E. Andersen and S. D. Krashen. Developing Comunicative Competence in a Second Language. Newbury House, 1990.

Schenk, Rena. "La creación de una conciencia lingüística. Teoría y método para el desarrollo de una competencia comunicativa receptiva especializada." In Actas del V Congreso Internacional AELFE (Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos) / Proceedings of the 5th International AELFE Conference). Ed. Mª Carmen Pérez-Llantada Auría, Ramón Plo Alastrué and Claus Peter Neumann. CD-ROM. Zaragoza: AELFE / Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2005..437-42.*

Swain, M. "Communicative Competence: Some Roles of Comprehensible Input and Comprehensible Output in Its Development." In Input in Second Language Acquisition. Ed. S. Gass and C. Madden. Rowley (MA): Newbury House, 1985. 235-53.

Taylor, D. S. "The Meaning and Use of the Term 'Competence' in Linguistics and Applied Linguistics." Applied Linguistics 9 (1988): 148-68.

Widdowson, H. G. "Knowledge of Language and Ability for Use." Applied Linguistics 10 (1989): 128-37.

Yule, G., and E. Tarone. "Eliciting the Performance of Strategic Competence." in Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Languge. Ed. R. Scarcella, E. Andersen and S. Krashen. Boston: Heinle and Heinle, 1990. 179-94.

 

See also Rhetorical competence; Grammar.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Complements

 

Bresnan, J. "On Complementizers: Toward a Syntactic Theory of Complement Types." Foundations of Language 6 (1970): 297-321.

_____. "Control and Complementation." Linguistic Inquiry 13 (1982): 343-434.

_____. "Control and Complementation." In Bresnan, The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1982. 282-390.

Casals, Sergi, Néstor Cuartero, Montserrat Pérez and Mª Carmen Torras. "Perspectives on the Distinction between Complement and Adjunct." Proceedings of the XIXth International Conference of AEDEAN. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra et al. Vigo: Departamento de Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana da Universidade de Vigo, 1996. 615-18.*

Farkas, Donka. "On the Semantics of Subjunctive Complements." In Romance Languages and Modern Linguistic Theory. Ed. Paul Hirschbueler and Konrad Koerner. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1992. 69-104. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume IV: The Semantics of Predicates and Inflection. London: Routledge, 2003.

Jiménez Fernández, Angel. "Syntax and Semantics: Mismatch in Complex-Transitive Complementation." In XVIII Congreso de AEDEAN (Alcalá de Henares, 15-17 diciembre 1994). Ed. Ricardo J. Sola, Luis A. Lázaro and José A. Gurpegui. Alcalá: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alcalá, 1997. 163-70.*

Menzel, P. Semantics and Syntax in Complementation. The Hague: Mouton, 1975.

Noonan, M. "Complementation." In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Vol. II. Ed. T. Shopen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985.

Pensado, Carmen, ed. El complemento directo preposicional. Madrid: Visor, 1995.

Ransom, E. Complementation: Its Meanings and Forms. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1986.

Riddle, E. "Some Pragmatic Conditions on Complementizer Choice." In Papers from the Eleventh Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Ed. R. Grossman, L. San and T. Vance. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1975. 467-74.

Rudanko, J. Complementation and Case Grammar. Albany (NY): SUNY Press, 1989.

 

 

 

Complexity (linguistic)

 

Hernández, Lorena, and Sandra Peña Cervel. "Pragmatic and Cognitive Constraints on Lexical-Constructional Subsumption." Atlantis 31.2 (Dec. 2009): 57-73.*

 

 

Compositionality

 

Fodor, J. A., and E. Lepore. The Compositionality Papers. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002.

 

 

Compounds

 

Liceras, Juana M. "La teoría lingüística y la composición nominal del español y del inglés." In Pathways of Translation Studies. Ed. P. Fernández Nistal and J. M. Bravo Gozalo. Valladolid: U de Valladolid, 2001.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Conditionals

 

Dancygier, Barbara. Conditionals and Prediction: Time, Knowledge and Causation in Conditional Constructions. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 87). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Delgado Lavín, Eva. "Material Implication and Natural Language Conditionals." XIV Congreso de AEDEAN. Bilbao: Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del País Vasco, 1992. 155-62.*

Ducrot, Oswald. Dire et ne pas dire: Principes de sémantique linguistique. Paris: Hermann, 1972.* (6. Supposition et présupposition).

Vilanova, Javier. "Condicionales." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 108-15.*

 

 

 

 

Conjunctions

 

Cuadrado, Cipriano. "Las unidades de relación en un texto geopónico medieval: las conjunciones." Analecta Malacitana 18.2 (1995): 395-420.

Escandell Vidal, M. Victoria. "Conectivas: El caso de la conjunción y." In Escandell, Introducción a la pragmática. Barcelona: UNED / Anthropos, 1993. 185-97.*

Herman, J. La formation du système roman des conjonctions de subordination. Berlin, 1963.

Lakoff, Robin. "If's, and's and but's about Conjunction." In Studies in Linguistic Semantics. Ed. Charles J. Fillmore and D. Terence Langendoen. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1971.

 

 

 

 

Conjuncts

 

Allan, Keith. "Hierarchies and the Choice of Left Conjuncts." Journal of Linguistics 23 (1987): 51-77.

 

 

Connectives

 

Marraud, Huberto. "Conectiva / Conector." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 116-20.*

Sotirova, Violeta. "Connectives in Free Indirect Style: Continuity or Shift?" In The Language and Literature Reader. Ed. Ronald Carter and Peter Stockwell. Abingdon (UK) Routledge, 2008.*

 

 

 

See also Discourse Markers.

 

 

Connotation

 

Arp, Thomas R., and Greg Johnson. "Denotation and Connotation." In Perrine's Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. 8th ed. Boston (MA): Thomson Learning-Heinle & Heinle, 2002.*

Barthes, Roland. Mythologies. Paris: Seuil, 1957.*

Dahlgren, Marta. "Reading Between the Lines? Inference, Connotation, and Associations in Poetry and Translated Poetry." In Con/Texts of Persuasion. Ed. Beatriz Penas et al. Kassel: Edition Reichenberger, 2011. 135-54.*

Fernández Moreno, Luis. "Denotación / Connotación." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 184-87.*

Gary-Prieur, N. "La notion de connotation(s)." Littérature 4 (1971): 104-6.

Garza Cuarón, B. La Connotación: problemas del significado. México: Colegio de México, 1978.

Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Catherine. La Connotation. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1977.

Lotman, Iuri M. Struktura khudozhestvennogo teksta. Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1970.

_____. The Structure of the Artistic Text. Trans. Ronald Vroon. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1977.

_____. (Youri Lotman). La Structure du texte artistique. Paris: Gallimard, 1973.

_____. La struttura del testo poetico. Milan: Mursia, 1973.

_____. (Yuri Lotman). Estructura del texto artístico. Trans. Victoriano Imbert. 2ª ed. Madrid: Istmo, 1982.*

_____. (Jurij Lotman). The Structure of the Artistic Text. Trans. Ronald Vroon. Ann Arbor: Michigan Slavic Contributions, 1977.

_____. Analysis of the Poetic Text. 1972. Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1976.

Meix Izquierdo, Francisco. "La percepción trascendida: El ámbito de la connotación." In Meix Izquierdo, La dialéctica del significado lingüístico. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1994. 129-62.*

Molino, J. "La connotation." La Linguistique 7.1 (1971).

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. "Sentido plural, connotación y polisemia. Estudio teórico general y aplicación lingüística a Flor de Santidad." Analecta Malacitana 31.2 (2008): 445-75.

Pinillos, José Luis. "Tipos de personalidad y estilos connotativos." In Homenaje a Francisco Yndurain. Foreword by Antonio Beltrán. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, 1972. 259-66.*

Pozuelo Yvancos, José María. "La teoría de la connotación." In Pozuelo, Teoría del lenguaje literario. Madrid: Cátedra, 1988. 52-61.*

Rutelli, R. Saggi sulla connotazione: tre sonetti di Shakespeare. Troino: Giappichelli, 1975.

Stevens, Wallace. "The Noble Rider and the Sound of Words." 1942. In Stevens, The Necessary Angel. London: Faber and Faber, 1960. (Language of poetry; Imagination and fancy; Poet; Denotation / Connotation; Nature of poetry)

 

 

 

Consequence (logical)

 

Sagüillo, José Miguel. "Consecuencia." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 120-27.*

 

 

 

 

 

Consonants

 

Genette, Gérard. Mimologiques. Paris: Seuil, 1976.*

_____. Mimologics.Trans. Thaïs Morgan. Foreword by Gerald Prince. U of Nebraska P, 1995.*

 

 

 

Constraints (Linguistic)

 

Acuña Fariña, Juan Carlos. "Language Processing, Linguistics and Constraints." Miscelánea 27 (2003 [issued Nov. 2004]): 11-34.*

Blakemore, D. Semantic Constraints on Relevance. New York: Blackwell, 1987.

Moreno, Ana I. "The Role of Cohesive Devices as Textual Constraints on Relevance: A Discourse-as-process View." International Journal of English Studies 3.1 (2003). Special issue on Discourse Analysis Today, ed. Dagmar Scheu and M. D. López-Maestre. 111-65.*

Ross, J. R. Constraints on Variables in Syntax.  Bloomington: Indiana U Linguistics Club, 1967.

Valenzuela, Javier. "Sources of Constraints in Language." In Homenaje a Francisco Gutiérrez Díez. Ed. Rafael Monroy. Murcia: Edit.um, 2013. 313-29.*

 

 

Series.

 

(Studies in Constraint-Based Lexicalism). Stanford (CA): Stanford UP, c. 2000.

 

 

 

 

Construction grammar

 

Boas, Hans Ulrich. "Constructional Productivity in English." RANAM: Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines no. 36 (2003): ESSE 6—Strasbourg 2002. 2- Linguistics. Gen. ed. A. Hamm. Sub-eds. Pierre Frath and Matti Rissanen. Strasbourg: Université Marc Bloch, Service des périodiques, 2003. 79-91.*

_____, ed. Contrastive Studies in Construction Grammar. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2010.

Butler, Christopher S., and Javier Martín Arista, eds. Deconstructing Constructions. (Studies in Language Companion Series, 107). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2009.

Campo Martínez, Nuria del. "A Constructional Account of Advising: Construal Operations and Social Conventions." Atlantis 34.1 (June 2012): 115-32.*

_____. "A Constructional Approach to Condolences." Journal of English Studies 10 (2012): 7-24.*

Campo Martínez, Nuria del. and Francisco José Ruiz de Mendoza. "A Constructionist Approach to Illocution: The Case of Orders." Miscelánea 45 (2012): 13-31.*

Goldberg, Adele. Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1995.

Goldberg, Adele E., and Devin Casenhiser. "English Construction." The Handbook of English Linguistics. Ed. B. Aarts and A. McMahon. Malden (MA): Wiley / Blackwell, 2006. 343-55.

Ibarretxe Antuñano, Iraide. Rev. of Contrastive Studies in Construction Grammar. Ed. Hans Boas. Atlantis 34.1 (June 2012): 163-69.*

Ruiz de Mendoza, Francisco José, Alba Luzondo Oyón and Paula Pérez Sobrino, eds. Constructing Families of Constructions: Analytical Perspectives and Theoretical Challenges. (Human Cognitive Processing, 58). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2017.

Vázquez González, Juan Gabriel. Rev. of Deconstructing Constructions. Ed. Christopher S. Butler and Javier Martín Arista. Atlantis 34.1 (June 2012): 155-61.*

Välimaa-Blum, Riitta. Cognitive Phonology in Construction Grammar: Analytic Tools for Students of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2005.

Wellens, Pieter, and Joachim De Beule. "Priming through Constructional Dependencies: A Case Study in Fluid Construction Grammar." In The Evolution of Language. Ed. Andrew D. M. Smith et al. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2010. 344-51.*

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

 

Wikipedia. "Construction Grammar." In Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia

         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_grammar

         2008

 

 

 

 

Contact  (Language contact)

 

Álvarez Benito, Gloria, J. J. Fernández Domínguez, and F. J. Tamayo Morillo. Lenguas en Contacto. E-book. Sevilla: Mergablum, 1999.

Ferrara, Kathleen, Becky Brown, Keith Walters, and John Baugh, eds. Linguistic Change and Contact. Austin: U of Texas P, 1988.

García Landa, José Ángel. "Franglaisation, espanglisación, guglificación." Vanity Fea 28 March 2005.

http://garciala.blogia.com/2005/032801-franglaisation-espanglisacion-guglificacion.php

Jeppesen, Anne Marie E. "Language as Intercultural Communication." In Changing Philologies: Contributions to the Redefinition of Foreign Language Studies in the Age of Globalisation. Ed. Hans Lauge Hansen. Copenhaguen: Museum Tusculanum Press, U of Copenhaguen, 2002. 33-40.*

Roberge, Paul T. "Convergence and the Formation of Afrikaans." In Focus on Afrikaans Sociohistorical Linguistics (Part II).  Issue of Journal of Germanic Linguistics 14.1 (2002): 57-93.*

Smith, Norval, and Tonjes Veenstra, eds. Creolization and Contact. (Creole Language Library, 23). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2001.

 

 

 

See also Evolution of language; Interlanguage; Pidgins and Creoles.

 

 

 

 

 

Co-ordination

 

Antoine, Gérald. La Coordination en Français. 2 vols. Paris: D'Artrey, 1959, 1962.

Bearman, Karen. "Coordination and Subordination Revisited: Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Narrative Discourse." In Coherence in Spoken and Written Narrative Discourse. Ed. Deborah Tannen. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1984.

Carrera Hernández, Ana. "A Comparative Analysis of the Use of Coordinators in Late Modern English and in Modern English Usage." In Actas XXVIII Congreso Internacional / International Conference AEDEAN. CD-ROM. Valencia: U de València, 2005.*

Dik, Simon C. Coordination: Its Implications for the Theory of General Linguistics. Amsterdam: North Holland, 1968.

Mora Gutiérrez, Juan Pablo. "Asymmetric Coordination." In AEDEAN Select Papers in Language, Literature and Culture: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference. [U of Córdoba, 1993]. [U of Córdoba, 1993]. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra. Vigo: AEDEAN, 2000. 481-83.*

Olsen, Susan. "Coordination at Different Levels of Grammar." In Literature and Linguistics: Approaches, Models and Applications: Studies in Honour of Jon Erickson. Ed. Marion Gymnich, Ansgar Nünning and Vera Nünning. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2002. 169-88.*

Pérez Lorido, Rodrigo. "Coordinación y elisión del sujeto en inglés antiguo: una perspectiva crítica." Revista de Investigación Lingüística  4.2. 21-47.

Rickheit, Gert. "Verarbeitungsaspekte von Koordinationen." In Texte-Konstitution, Verarbeitung, Typik. Ed. Susanne Michaelis and Doris Tophinke. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Steedman, M. "Dependency and Coordination in the Grammar of Dutch and English." Language 61 (1985): 523-68.

Wiese, Bernd. "Grundprobleme der Koordination." Lingua 51 (1980): 17-44.

 

 

Bibliography

 

Wiese, Bernd. "Bibliographie zur Koordination. Vorläufige Fassung." Linguistische Arbeiten und Berichte (LAB) 14 (1980): 182-228. (Berlin [West], Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Germanistik).

 

See also Syntax.

 

 

 

 

Copulative verbs

 

Pullen, J. "A Linguistic Analysis of the Marginal Productivity Theory of Production: Or the Use and Misuse of the Proprietorial 'Is'." Working paper, University of New England, New South Wales, Australia, 2000. Available at:

         http://www.une.edu.au/bepp/working-papers/economics/1999-2007/econwp01-4.pdf

         2013

 

 

 

 

 

 

Correctness in language

 

Coseriu, E. "El problema de la corrección idiomática." Typescript. 1992.

Lázaro Carreter, Fernando. El dardo en la palabra. Barcelona: Galaxia Gutemberg-Círculo de Lectores, 1997. (Columns on the use of Spanish, 1975-96).

_____. El nuevo dardo en la palabra. Madrid: Aguilar, 2003.

Martín Zorraquino, Mª Antonia. "Teoría y práctica de la corrección idiomática en la obra de Mariano de Cavia." In La lingüística como reto epistemológico y como acción social: Estudios dedicados al profesor Ángel López García con ocasión de su sexagésimo aniversario. Ed. M. Veyrat et al. 2 vols. Madrid: Arco/Libros, 2009. 817-31.

Miguel, Amando de. La perversión del lenguaje. (Colección Austral; Pensamiento/Contemporáneos, A 356). Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994.*

Nepomuceno, Ángel. "Corrección." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 153-55.*

Unamuno, Miguel de. "Contra el purismo." Jan. 1903. In Unamuno, Ensayos. Prologue and notes by Bernardo G. de Candamo. 2 vols. 4th ed. Madrid: Aguilar, 1958. 1.407-21.* (Linguistic correction).

 

 

 

See also Standard language; Linguistic consciousness; Grammar.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Coursebooks

 

(Lincom Language Coursebooks 7). Munich: Lincom Europa.

 

 

 

Creativity (linguistic)

 

Aitchison, Jean. Language Joyriding. Oxford: Clarendon, 1994.

Antal, Lászlo. "Is It Really True that Nearly All Sentences Are Novel Ones?" Word 36.3 (Dec. 1985): 195-202.*

Bidese, Ermenegildo. Die Strukturen des freien und kreativen Handelns: Interpretationen und Perspektiven aus der linguistischen Forschung Noam A. Chomskys und der ethischen Reflexion Thomas von Aquins. Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2002.

Boase-Beier, Jean, and Michael Holman, eds. The Practices of Literary Translation: Constraints and Creativity. Manchester: St Jerome, 1998.*

Brody, David S. "Creativity in Verbalization and Its Implications for the Nature of Stored Knowledge." In Discourse Production and Comprehension. Ed. Roy Freedle. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1977. 41-55.

Carter, Ronald. "Approaches to Creativity." In Carter, Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk. London: Routledge, 2004. 17-52.*

_____. "Creativity, Language, and Social Context." In Carter, Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk. London: Routledge, 2004. 147-69.*

_____. "Creativity, Discourse, and Social Practice." In Carter, Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk. London: Routledge, 2004. 170-218.*

_____. Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk. London: Routledge, 2004.*

Dor, D. The Instruction of Imagination: Language as a Social Communication Technology. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2015.

Feyaerts, Kurt. "Towards a Dynamic Account of Phraseological Meaning: Creative Variation in Headlines and Conversational Humour." In New Advances in Phraseological Research. Ed. Flor Mena-Martínez. Monograph issue of IJES: 6.1 (2006): 57-84.*

Hashimoto, Takashi, Masaya Nakatsuka and Takeshi Konno. "Linguistic Analogy for Creativity and the Origin of Language." In The Evolution of Language. Ed. Andrew D. M. Smith et al. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2010. 184-91.*

Joseph, John E. "Rethinking Linguistic Creativity." In Rethinking Linguistics. Ed. Hayley J. Davis and Talbot J. Taylor. London: Taylor and Francis-RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. 121-50.*

Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, ed. Speech Play: Research and Resources for the Study of Linguistic Creativity. (Conduct and Communication). Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1976.

López Rúa, Paula. "Transgressive Codes in Contemporary English: An Analysis of Lexical Creativity in the Field of Music." In Proceedings from the 31st AEDEAN Conference. Ed. M. J. Lorenzo Modia et al. CD-ROM: A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña, 2008. 363-72.*

Luque Durán, Juan de Dios, and Antonio Pamies Bertrán, eds. La creatividad en el lenguaje: Colocaciones idiomáticas y fraseología. Granada: Método Ediciones / Granada Lingvistica, 2005.

Mayos Solsona, Gonzalo. (Gonçal Mayos). "Creatividad y subversión en el lenguaje." Analecta Malacitana 18.1 (1995): 117-26.*

Penas Ibáñez, Azucena. "El aspecto creativo del lenguaje en Coseriu." In Eugenio Coseriu in memoriam II. Ed. Jesús G. Martínez del Castillo. Granada: Granada Lingvistica, 2005.

Rasse, Carina. "Poetic Metaphors: Creativity and Interpretation." Ph.D. Diss. Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, 2021.

Stacy, Robert H. Defamiliarization in Language and Literature. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1977.

Veale, T., A. Cardoso, F. Camara Pereira and P. Gervás, eds. 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, Proceedings of the Workshop on Language Resources for Linguistic Creativity, LREC'04.

Wilson, E. O. The Origins of Creativity. New York: W. W. Norton - Liveright, 2017.* (Creativity, Humanities, Language, Innovation, Aesthetics, Genetics, Human Nature, Metaphors, Archetypes, Irony, Enlightenment).

 

 

 

 

Audio

 

Segura, Eduardo. "Tolkien y la filología: la palabra subcreadora como patria y fuente de potestad." Video. Lecture at the I National Conference on the Inklings, "Fantasy and National Discourse"; Universidad del País Vasco. YouTube (Veterano de Cannas) 22 June 2015.*

         https://youtu.be/sjcg_QJtHxw

         2016

 

 

 

Video

 

Smith, Daniel W. "On the Nature of Concepts." Lecture at Manchester Metropolitan University, 2022. Video. YouTube (Actual Virtual Journal) 21 Nov. 2014.* (Deleuze).

https://youtu.be/7ErY_-IJToc  

         2023

 

See also Creation, Imagination.

 

 

 

 

Cross-linguistic studies

 

Slobin, D. I., ed. The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition. Erlbaum, 1985.

 

See also Comparative linguistics; Contrastive linguistics.

 

 

 

Culture and language

 

 

Archaimbault, Sylvie. "Grigorij Vinokur et la 'culture de la langue'." Communications 103 (2018): Le formalisme russe cent ans aprés. Ed. Catherine Depretto, John Pier and Philippe Roussin. Paris: Seuil, 2018. 89-105.*

Bakhurst, D., and S. Shanker. Jerome Bruner: Language, Culture, Self. London: Sage, 2001.

Bouton, L. F. "Culture, Pragmatics and Implicature." In Acquisition of Language—Acquisition of Culture. Ed. H. Nyyssonen and L. Kuure. Jyvaskyla: AFinLa, 1993. 35-61.

Hoijer, H., ed. Language in Culture: Conference on the Interrelations of Language and Other Aspects of Culture. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1954.

Sapir, Edward.. Selected Writings in Language, Culture and Personality. Ed. D. G. Mandelbaum. Berkeley: U of California P, 1949.  1966.

Sherzer, J. "A Discourse-Centered Approach to Language and Culture." American Anthropologist 89: 2.295-309.

 

 

See also Sociolinguistics.

 

 

 

Cuneiform writing

 

"Cuneiform." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.*

         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuneiform

         2012

 

See also Writing.

 

 

 

 

 

Data collection

 

Duranti, Alessandro. "Apéndice: consejos prácticos para la grabación de una interacción." In Duranti, Antropología lingüística. Madrid: Cambridge UP,  2000. 455-66.*

Lococo, Verónica. "A Comparison of Three Methods for the Collection of L2 Data: Free Composition, Translation, and Picture Description." Working Papers on Bilingualism 8 (1976): 59-86.

 

See also Corpus linguistics.

 

 

Death of languages. See Endangered languages / Extinct languages.

 

 

Definiteness

 

Heim, L. The Semantics of Definite and Indefinite Noun Phrases. Ph.D. diss. U of Massachusetts, Amherst. U of Massachusetts Graduate Linguistics Association, 1982.

Lyons, Christopher. Definiteness. (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999.

Moltmann, Friederike. Lokalität und Individuation: Studien zur Ereignis- und Nominalphrasensemantik. (Studien zur Theoretischen Linguistik, 12). München: Fink, 1992.

 

 

 

 

Degree

 

Cresswell, Max J. "The Semantics of Degree." In Montague Grammar. Ed. Barbara Partee. New York: Academic Press, 1976. 261-92. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

Demonstratives

 

Doiz-Bienzobas, Aintzane. "An Analysis of English, Spanish and Basque Demonstratives in Narrative: A Matter of Viewpoint." In Contrastive Cognitive Linguistics. Ed. Javier Valenzuela and Ana Rojo. Monograph issue of IJES 3.2 (2003): 63-84.* (Deixis, Demonstratives).

Ducrot, Oswald. Dire et ne pas dire: Principes de sémantique linguistique. Paris: Hermann, 1972.* (8. Descriptions définies et présupposés existentiels).

Weissenborn, J., and W. Klein, eds. Here and There: Cross-Linguistic Studies on Deixis and Demonstration. (Pragmatics and beyond, Vol. III: 2/3). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1982.

 

 

Denotation/connotation. See Semiotics. Other semiotic categories. Denotation.

 

 

 

Derived structures

 

Leech, G., M. Deuchar and R. Hoogenraad. "Basic and Derived Structures." In Leech, Deuchar and Hoogenraad, English Grammar for Today. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1982. 1994. 113-32.*

 

 

Description / Prescription

 

Widdowson, H. G. "The Description and Prescription of Language." In Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1991. Ed. J. Alatis. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP, 1991. 11-24.

 

 

 

Determiners

 

Coseriu, Eugenio. "Determinación y entorno." In Coseriu, Teoría del lenguaje y lingüística general. Madrid: Gredos, 1973. 282-323.

Luján, Marta. "Sobre el Sintagma Determinante Definido." In Meaning and the Components of Grammar / El significado y los componentes de la gramática. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Munich: Lincom Europa.

 

 

 

 

 

Journals

 

 

Diachronica 14.2 (1997).

 

 

See also Historical linguistics; Evolution of language; Diachrony vs. Synchrony.

 

 

 

 

Diacritics

 

Hughes. "Tildetriste." La Gaceta 12 March 2023.*

         https://gaceta.es/opinion/procesiones-20230312-0628/

         2023

 

 

 

 

 

Diminutives

 

Fernández Guerra, Ana. El uso del diminutivo en español y en inglés: Estudio contrastivo. Valencia: Repro Exprés, 2001.

Sifianou, Maria. "The Use of Diminutives in Expressing Politeness: Modern Greek versus English." Journal of Pragmatics 17.2 (1992): 155-73.

 

 

 

 

Disappearance of languages. See Endangered languages / Extinct languages.

 

 

Disjuncts

 

Thompson, Geoff, and Jianglin Zhou. "Evaluation and Organization in Text: The Structuring Role of Evaluative Disjuncts." In Evaluation in Text: Authorial Stance and the Construction of Discourse. Ed. Susan Hunston and Geoffrey Thompson. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Pbk. 2001. 121-41.*

 

 

 

 

 

Documentation and data collecting

 

Peery, Char Lane. New Deal Navajo Linguistics and Language Documentation. Ph.D. diss. Alburquerque: U of New Mexico, 2015.*

         http://repository.unm.edu/bitstream/handle/1928/27890

         2015

Whalen, D. H., and Joyce McDonough. "Taking the Laboratory into the Field." Annual Review of Linguistics 1.1 (Jan. 2015).*

         http://linguistics.annualreviews.org

         2015

 

 

 

 

Dysgraphia

 

Taillefer, Lidia, and Cristina Vereda. "Acquired Dysgraphia and its Correlation with English as a Foreign Language Learning." In Analizando la comunicación y discapacidad intelectual desde un enfoque multidisciplinary. Ed. Marina Calleja Reina. Berlin: Peter Lang, 2019. 193-205.

DOI: 10.3726/b15233

 

 

 

 

 

Dyslexia

 

Frith, Chris, and Uta Frith. "A Biological Marker for Dyslexia." Nature 382 (1996): 19-20.

Frith, Uta, ed. Cognitive Processes in Spelling. London: Academic Press, 1980.

Vereda, C., M. González Sánchez and L. Taillefer. "A Case of Surface Dyslexia." In Language Processing and Disorders. Ed. L. Escobar, V. Torrens and T. Parodi. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017. 374-402.

West, Thomas G. In the Mind's Eye: Visual Thinkers, Gifted People with Dyslexia and Other Learning Difficulties, Computer Images and the Ironies of Creativity. Buffalo: Prometheus, 1998.

 

 

See also Aphasia.

 

 

Ellipsis

 

Klein, E. "VP Ellipsis in DR Theory." Proceedings of the Fifth Amsterdam Colloquium. Ed. J. Groenendijk and M. Stockhoff. Amsterdam: Mathematisch Centrum, forthcoming 1988.

Pérez Lorido, Rodrigo. "Coordinación y elisión del sujeto en inglés antiguo: una perspectiva crítica." Revista de Investigación Lingüística  4.2. 21-47.

 

 

 

 

Emojis

 

Evans, Vyvyan. The Emoji Code: The Linguistics Behind Smiley Faces and Scaredy Cats. Picador.

 

 

 

 

 

Empty categories

 

Bouchard, D. "On the Content of Empty Categories." Ph.D. diss. MIT, 1984.

 

See also Zero morphemes.

 

 

 

 

 

Endangered languages / Extinct languages

 

Conti, Carmen. "Metodología y práctica de la investigación lingüística." Lecture at Zaragoza Lingüística, 15 April 2015. YouTube (Filosofía y Letras Zaragoza) 5 May 2015.*

         https://youtu.be/SYByd9biga0

         2015

Crochetière, André, Jean-Claude Boulanger, and Conrad Ouellon. Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Linguists: Endangered Languages. Quebec, Université Laval, August 1992. Vol. 2. Quebec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval, 1993.

Crystal, David. Language Death. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

_____. The future of Language. DVD and book. London: Routledge, 2009. (The Future of Englishes. Language Death. Internet Linguistics).

Dixon, R. M. W. The Rise and Fall of Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.

Dressler, Wolfgang U. "La extinción de una lengua." In Panorama de la lingüística moderna de la Universidad de Cambridge. Vol. IV: El lenguaje: Contexto socio-cultural. Ed. Frederick J. Newmeyer. Madrid: Visor, 1990.

Grenoble, Lenore A. and Lindsay J. Whaley, eds. Endangered Languages: Current Issues and Future Prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Malik, Kenan. "Dejad que se mueran." Tercera cultura 2 Aug. 2012.*

         http://www.terceracultura.net/tc/?p=5154

         2012

Ortega, Javier. "Alumnos de primaria estudiarán en aragonés." El Mundo 13 Sept. 2016.*

         http://www.elmundo.es/espana/2016/09/13/57d70758268e3e03118b460d.html

         2016

 

 

 

Anthologies

 

 

Austin, Peter K. ed. Endangered Languages. 4 vols. (Critical Concepts in Linguistics). London: Routledge, 2009.

 

 

Dictionaries and encyclopedias

 

 

Moseley, Christopher (formerly BBC World Service). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge, 2007.

 

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

Endangered Languages website.

         gopher://gopher.ub2.lu.se:60/11/resources/bysubject/literature/ling

         8/3/98

 

 

 

 

 

 

Entailment

 

Chapman, Siobhan. "Propositions and logic." In Chapman, Philosophy for Linguists: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2000. 41-71.* (Frege, Strawson, presupposition, entailment).

Gazdar, Gerald. Pragmatics: Implicature, Presupposition, and Logical Form. New York: Academic Press, 1979.*

Linhares-Dias, Rui. "6. Aktionsart." In Linhares-Dias, How to Show Things with Words: A Study on Logic, Language and Literature. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. 257-94.* (Aspect, entailment, events, processes).

Mikhail, John. "The Constitution and the Philosophy of Language: Entailment, Implicature, and Implied Powers." Social Science Reserach Network 24 May 2015.

         http://ssrn.com/abstract=2609739

         2015

Patterson, Richard. Aristotle's Modal Logic: Essence and Entailment in the Organon. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.

Yule, George. "Presupposition and Entailment." In Yule, Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996. 25-34.*

 

 

 

Eponyms

 

Genette, Gérard. Mimologiques. Paris: Seuil, 1976.*

_____. Mimologics.Trans. Thaïs Morgan. Foreword by Gerald Prince. U of Nebraska P, 1995.*

Uría Varela, Javier. "Sobre epónimo y diónimo: Una enmienda a Dionisio Tracio 12, 10." In Otivm cvm dignitate: Estudios en homenaje al profesor José Javier Iso Echegoyen. Ed. J. A. Beltrán et al. (Monografías de Filología Latina, 16). Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, 2013. 185-93.*

 

 

 

Ergativity

 

Dixon, R. Ergativity. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.

Du bois, John W. "The Discourse Base of Ergativity." Language 63 (1987): 805-55.

Lyons, John. "8. Grammatical Functions." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 334-99.* (Subject, Predicate and Adjunct – Transitivity and Ergativity – Voice – Existential, Locative and Possessive Constructions).

Martinet, André. "Las estructuras elementales del enunciado." In Martinet, La lingüística sincrónica. Madrid: Gredos,  1968. 1978. 193-226.* (I. Reflexiones sobre el problema de la oposición verbal-nominal. II. La construcción ergativa. III. Reflexiones sobre la frase).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Errors

 

Beason, Larry. "Ethos and Error: How Business People React to Errors." College Composition and Communication 53.1 (Sept. 2001): 33-64.

Fromkin, Victoria. "The Non-Anomalous Nature of Anomalous Utterance." Language 47 (1971): 27-52.

_____. "Los aspectos gramaticales de los errores del habla." In Panorama de la lingüística moderna de la Universidad de Cambridge. Vol. II: Teoría lingüística: Extensiones e implicaciones. Ed. Frederick J. Newmeyer. Madrid: Visor, 1990.

_____, ed. Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence. The Hague: Mouton, 1973.

_____, ed. Errors in Linguistic Performance: Slips of the Tongue, Ear, Pen and Hand. New York: Academic Press, 1980.

Kasl, Stanislav V., and George F. Mahl. "The Relationship of Disturbances and Hesitations in Spontaneous Speech to Anxiety." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1.5 (1965): 425-33.

Miguel, Amando de. La perversión del lenguaje. (Colección Austral; Pensamiento/Contemporáneos, A 356). Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994.*

Shaughnessy, Mina P. Errors and Expectations: A Guide for the Teacher of Basic Writing. New York: Oxford University Press; 1977.

 

 

See also Parapraxis; Error analysis in SLA; Hesitation; Grammaticality; Spoonerisms; Misunderstanding

 

 

 

 

 

Ethnolinguistics

 

Costa, Gabriele. La sirena di Archimede: Etnolinguistica comparata e tradizione preplatonica. Edizioni dell’Orso, 2008.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Etymologies

 

Benveniste, Émile. Le Vocabulaire des institutions indo-européennes. 1969.

Carpintero Santamaría, Natividad, and Mª del Mar Duque García. "Una sistematización en la creación del lenguaje: Origen etimológico de las partículas elementales (I)." In Lenguas para fines específicos (IV): Investigación y enseñanza. Ed. Sebastián Barrueco et al. Alcalá de Henares: U de Alcalá de Henares, 1995. 99-105.*

Ferenczi, Sandor. "Búsqueda compulsiva de la etimologia." 1913. In Ferenczi, Psicoanálisis. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1981. 2.99-100.*

Franken, Gereon. Systematische Etymologie. Untersuchungen einer 'Mischsprache' am Beispiel des Shakespeare-Wortschatzes. Heidelberg: Winter, 1995.

Genette, Gérard. Mimologiques. Paris: Seuil, 1976.*

_____. Mimologics.Trans. Thaïs Morgan. Foreword by Gerald Prince. U of Nebraska P, 1995.*

Gold, David L. Studies in Etymology and Etiology (With Emphasis on Germanic, Jewish, Romance, and Slavic Languages). Ed. Félix Rodríguez González and Antonio Lillo Buades. Alicante. Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2009.

Harris, Roy, and Talbot J. Taylor. "Horne Tooke on Etymological Metaphysics." In Harris and Taylor, Landmarks in Linguistic Thought I: The Western Tradition from Socrates to Saussure. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1997. 155-70.*

Hugutio of Pisa. Magnae derivationes. In Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Bodley 376.

Isidore of Seville (St).  Etymologiarum sive de Originibus.

_____. Origines 1577 ed.

_____. Etymologiarum sive Originum Libri XX.   Ed. W. M. Lindsay.  2 vols.  Oxford: Clarendon, 1911.

_____. Etimologías. Bilingual ed. 2 vols. Ed. José Oroz Reta and Manuel-A. Marcos Casquero. Introd. Manuel C. Díaz y Díaz. 2nd ed. Madrid: BAC, 1993.*

Miguel, Amando de. "E. Etimologías." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 41-47.*

Pott, A. F. Etymologische Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der indogermanischen Sprachen. Lemgo: Meyer, 1833-6.

Ross, A. S. C. Etymology, with Special Reference to English. (The Language Library). London: André Deutsch, 1958. 4th imp. 1969.

Verdaguer, I. "La etimología popular en las obras de Shakespeare." Bells 1 (1989): 215-24.*

 

 

 

Blogs

 

 

Etymologikon (Teresa Elms).*

         https://elms.wordpress.com

         2017

 

 

 

 

Dictionaries

 

 

Bailey, Nathan. An Universal Etymological English Dictionary. 1721.

Barcia, Roque. Diccionario general etimológico de la lengua española. 5 vols. Madrid, 1881.

Barnhart, R. K., ed. The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology. H. W. Wilson, 1988.

Corominas, Joan. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana. (Biblioteca Románica Hispánica, V: Diccionarios, 2). Madrid: Gredos, 1987.* (1st ed, 1961. 2nd ed., 1967. 3rd ed 1973. Rpt. 1976, 1980, 1983, 1987).

Klein, Ernest. A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 2 vols. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1966-67.

Onions, C. T., with G. W. S. Friedrichsen and R. W. Burchfield, eds. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966. 1998.*

Online Etymology Dictionary

http://www.etymonline.com/

2006

_____. Online Etymological Dictionary. By Douglas Harper.*

         http://www.etymonline.com/

         2017

Onions, Charles T. ed. The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Clarendon, 1966.

Oxford English Dictionary. Gen. ed. James A. H. Murray. Assoc. eds. Henry Bradley, William A. Craigie, Charles T. Onions. 10 vols. Oxford UP, 1884-1928.

Oxford English Dictionary on a Compact Disc. Version 4.10. Fort Washington (NY): Tri Star, 1987.

Oxford English Dictionary. 3rd ed. Ed. John Simpson et al. Oxford: Oxford UP, forthcoming 1999.

Partridge, Eric. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1958.

_____. Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. London and New York: Routledge, 1982.

Skeat, Walter W. Etymological Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Oxford: Clarendon, 1910.

Weekley, E. An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. London: J. Murray, 1921.

 

 

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

 

The Tower of Babel: An Etymological Database Project

         http://starling.rinet.ru/main.html

         2008

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Events

 

Linhares-Dias, Rui. "6. Aktionsart." In Linhares-Dias, How to Show Things with Words: A Study on Logic, Language and Literature. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. 257-94.* (Aspect, entailment, events, processes).

Martínez Vázquez, Montserrat. "Delimited Events in English and Spanish." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 9 (2001).

Moltmann, Friederike. Lokalität und Individuation: Studien zur Ereignis- und Nominalphrasensemantik. (Studien zur Theoretischen Linguistik, 12). München: Fink, 1992.

Tenny, Carol and James Pustejovsky. Events as Grammatical Objects: The Converging Perspectives of Lexical Semantics, Logical Semantics and Syntax. (Center for the Study of Language and Information Publication Lecture Notes, 100). Stanford (CA): Stanford UP, 2000.

Tomasello, Michael. "5. Linguistic Constructions and Event Cognition." In Tomasello, The Cultural Origins of Communication. Cambridge (MA) and London: Harvard UP, 1999. 134-60.*

Voorst, Jan van. Event Structure. (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 59). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1988.

 

See also Events (in narrative).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Evidentiality

 

Aikhenvald, A. Y., and R. M. W. Dixon. Studies in Evidentiality. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2003.

Linhares-Dias, Rui. "1. The Linguistic Structure of Narrative Transmission." In Linhares-Dias, How to Show Things with Words: A Study on Logic, Language and Literature. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. 15-54.*  (Tense, modality, evidentiality, perception).

Marín Arrese, Juana I., ed. Perspectives on Evidentiality and Modality. Madrid: Editorial Complutense, 2004.

Marín Arrese, Juana I., Gerda Hassler and Marta Carretero. Evidentiality Revisited: Cognitive Grammar, Functional and Discourse-Pragmatic Perspectives. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2017.*

 

 

 

Exclamation marks

 

Internet resources

 

"Exclamation Mark." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia

         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclamation_mark

         2012

 

 

Extinct languages. See Endangered languages / Extinct languages.

 

 

 

Fashionable expressions

 

Martín Gaite, Carmen. "Las renovaciones inútiles." ABC 4 Feb. 1994. Rpt. in Martín Gaite, Tirando del hilo (artículos 1949-2000). Ed. José Teruel. Madrid: Siruela, 2006. 478-80.* (Fashionable expressions).

_____. "Comodines lingüísticos." Ajoblanco (June 1996). Rpt. in Martín Gaite, Tirando del hilo (artículos 1949-2000). Ed. José Teruel. Madrid: Siruela, 2006. 504-5.* (Fashionable expressions).

 

 

 

 

 

Fictional languages

 

Dodd, William Steven. "'Newspeak' in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 19/20 (1989-1990): 51-9.*

Krueger, John R. "Nabokov's Zemblan: A Constructed Language of Fiction." Linguistics 31 (May 1967): 44-49.

_____. "Language and Techniques of Communication as Theme in Science Fiction." Linguistics 39 (May 1968): 68ff.

Navarro Errasti, Pilar. "Aproximación lingüística al Newspeak." Miscelánea 4 (1984): 119-30.*

Stockwell, Peter. The Poetics of Science Fiction. (Textual Explorations, 3). Harlow: Pearson Education-Longman, 2000.*

Tolkien, J. R. R. "Un vicio secreto." 1931. In J. R. R. Tolkien, Los Monstruos y los Críticos y otros ensayos. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. Barcelona: Minotauro / Planeta DeAgostini, 2002. 237-65.* (Fictional languages).

 

 

 

Field work

 

Abbi, Anvita. A Manual of Linguistic Field Work and Indian Language Structures. (LINCOM Handbooks in Linguistics 17). Munich: Lincom Europa.

Maurer-Lausseger, H. "Dialektforschung mit der Videokamera im südlichen Kärtnen." In Beiträge zu Sprache und Sprachen 2: Vorträge der 5. Münchner Linguistik-Tage, 1995. Ed. R. Pittner and K. Pittner. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Milroy, Lesley. "Field Linguistics." In Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. Ed. Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997. Rpt. Palgrave. 75-88.*

 

 

 

Fluency

 

 

Video

 

Green, Marc. "Beyond Fluency: How to Talk Like a Native Speaker." Video lecture. TEDxHeidelberg.

         https://youtu.be/Ti_gFEe1XNY

         2018

 

 

 

 

 

 

Focus

 

Dik, Simon C. "On the Typology of Focus Phenomena." In Perspectives on Functional Grammar. Ed. T. Hoekstra. Dordrecht: Foris, 1981. 41-74.

Erteschik-Shir, Nomi. The Dynamics of Focus Structure. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 84). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998.

Foley, A. and R. D. van Valin. "Information packaging in the clause." In Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Ed. T. Shopen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. 1.299-347.

Frautschi, R. L. "Focal Patterns in Textual Samples from Balzac, Flaubert, Zola, and Proust." Literary and Linguistic Computing 4 (1989): 274-80.

Hajiçová, E., and P. Sgall. "Focus on Focus." Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 28 (1977): 5-54.

Hopper, Paul J. "Some Observations on the Typology of Focus and Aspect in Narrative Language." Studies in Language 3.1 (1979): 37-64.

Jong, J. de. "On the Treatment of Focus Phenomena in Functional Grammar." In Perspectives on Functional Grammar. Ed. T. Hoekstra et al. Dordrecht: Foris, 1981. 89-115.

Kadmon, Nirit. Formal Pragmatics: Semantics, Pragmatics, Presupposition, and Focus. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.

Santamaría García, Carmen. "Self-Repetition as a Focality Device." In AEDEAN Select Papers in Language, Literature and Culture: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference. [U of Córdoba, 1993]. [U of Córdoba, 1993]. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra. Vigo: AEDEAN, 2000. 463-66.*

Sgall, Peter, et al. Topic, Focus, and Generative Semantics. Kronberg: Scriptor, 1973.

Taglicht, Joseph. Message and Emphasis. London: Longman, 1994.

Werth, Paul. Focus, Coherence and Emphasis. London: Croom Helm.

 

 

 

See also Theme.

 

 

 

 

 

Foregrounding

 

Douthwaite, John. Towards a Linguistic Theory of Foregrounding. Torino: Edizioni dell'Orso, 2000.

 

 

 

Foreign speakers

 

Fernández Dobao, Ana María. (U de Santiago de Compostela). "Circumlocution Strategies in Foreign Language Interaction: A Collaborative Creation of Meaning Process." In AEDEAN XXX: Proceedings of the 30th International AEDEAN Conference. [Huelva, 2006]. Ed. María Losada Friend et al. Huelva: U de Huelva, 2007.*

 

 

See also Learning language; English as a second language.

 

 

 

 

 

Forensic linguistics

 

Baldwin, J., and J. P. French. Forensic Phonetics. London: Pinter, 1990.

Briz, Antonio. "La peritación lingüística: La identificación del plagio." In Palabras, Norma, Discurso: En memoria de Fernando Lázaro Carreter. Ed. Luis Santos Río et al. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2005. 167-83.*

Cifuentes Honrubia, José Luis. "Lingüística forense: un caso práctico." In Los caminos de la lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Enrique Alcaraz Varó. Ed. J. L. Cifuentes et al. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante): Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2010. 473-87.*

Coulthard, R. Malcolm. "Forensic Linguistics." European English Messenger 2.1 (1993): 48-51.

Coulthard, R. M., and J. P. French, eds. Papers in Forensic Linguistics. London: Routledge.

Coulthard, Malcolm, and Alison Johnson. An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence. London and New York: Routledge, 2007.

Gibbons, John, and M. Teresa Turell, eds. Dimensions of Forensic Linguistics. (AILA Applied Linguistics Series, 5). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2008.

Guillén-Nieto, Victoria, Chelo Vargas-Sierra, María Pardiño-Juan, Patricio Martínez-Barco and Armando Suárez-Cueto. "Exploring State-of-the-Art Software for Forensic Linguistic Identification." In Software-aided Analysis of Language. Ed. Mike Scott et al. Monograph issue of IJES  8.1 (2008): 1-28.* (Forensic linguistics, language, crime, law, software for forensic authorship identification).

Hollien, H. The Acoustics of Crime: The New Science of Forensic Phonetics. Plenum Press, 1990.

Hutton, Christopher. "Law Lessons for Linguists? Accountability and Acts of Professional Classification." In Integrational Linguistics: A First Reader. Ed. Roy Harris and George Wolf. Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon, 1998. 294-304.*

Turell, Mª Teresa. Rev. of An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics. Ed. Malcolm Coulthard and Alison Johnson. Atlantis 30.2 (Dec. 2008): 155-60.*

_____. "The Task and Role of the Forensic Linguist in Giving Evidence." In New Perspectives on English Studies. [32nd International Conference of AEDEAN, Nov. 2008]. CD-ROM. Ed. Marian Amengual et al. Palma: U de les Illes Balears, 2009.*

 

 

Institutions and societies

 

ForensicLab, Institut Universitari de Lingüística Aplicada. Dir. M. T. Turell (U Pompeu Fabra)

         http://www.iula.upf.edu/forensiclab

         2009

 

 

 

Form

 

Lyons, John. "2. The Structure of Language." Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 53-98.* (2.1. Introductory – Substance and Form – Paradigmatic and Syntagmatic Relations – Statistical Structure).

Shapiro, Michael. The Sense of Form in Literature and Language. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1998.

 

 

 

Formulae

 

Gutiérrez-Colón, Mar, and Elisabet Pladevall. "Formulaic Sequences in the Written Production of L2 Learners of English." Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica 35-36 (2009-2010): 77-104.*

 

 

 

Four-letter words. See Taboo language

 

 

 

Frames of reference

 

Entman, Robert M., Jörg Matthes, and Lynn Pellicano. "13. Nature, Sources, and Effects of News Framing." In The Handbook of Journalism Studies. Ed. Karin Wahl-Jorgensen and Thomas Hanitzsch. New York and London: Routledge, 2009. 175-90.*

Levinson S. C. Space in Language and Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.

"Linguistic Frame of Reference." In Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia

         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_frame_of_reference

         2009

Olmos Gómez, Paula. "Contexto / Marco del discurso." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 134-36.*

Majid, A., M. Bowerman, S. Kita, D. B. M. Haun, and S. C. Levinson "Can Language Restructure Cognition? The Case for Space." Trends in Cognitive Sciences 8 (2004): 108–114.

Schiffrin, Deborah. "'Speaking for Another' in Sociolinguistic Interviews: Alignments, Identities, and Frames." In Framing in Discourse. Ed. Deborah Tannen. New York: Oxford UP, 1993. 231-63.*

Tannen, Deborah. "What's In a Frame? Surface Evidence for Underlying Expectations." In New Directions in Discourse Processing. Ed. Roy O. Freedle. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1979. 137-81.

_____. "What's in a Frame? Surface Evidence for Underlying Expectations." In Framing in Discourse. Ed. Deborah Tannen. New York: Oxford UP, 1993. 14-56.*

_____. "Frames and Schemas in Interaction." (Round Table Discussion on Frame/Script Semantics, ed. Victor Raskin). Quaderni di Semantica:  6 (1985): 326-35.

_____, ed. Framing in Discourse. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.*

Tannen, Deborah, and Cynthia Wallat. "Interactive Frames and Knowledge Schemas in Interaction: Examples from a Medical Examination / Interview." Social Psychology Quarterly 50.2 (1987): 205-16.

_____. "Interactive Frames and Knowledge Schemas in Interaction: Examples from a Medical Examination/Interview." In Framing in Discourse. Ed. Deborah Tannen. New York: Oxford UP, 1993. 57-76.*

_____. "Interactive Frames and Knowledge Schemas in Interaction: Examples from a Medical Examination/Interview." In The Discourse Reader. Ed. Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland. London: Routledge, 1999. 346-66.*

Turner, Mark. "Frame Blending." 2007. In Frames, Corpora, and Knowledge Representation. Ed. Rema Rossini Favretti. Bologna: Bononia University Press, 2008. 13-32. Online PDF at SSRN.*

         http://ssrn.com/abstract=1321302

         2009

 

 

See also Space and language; Reference; Frames.

 

 

 

 

Gender (grammatical)

 

Baron, D. Grammar and Gender. New Haven: Yale UP, 1986.

García Landa, José Ángel. "¡Inténtala!." In García Landa, Vanity Fea  3 June 2009.*

         http://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2009/06/intentala.html

         2009

_____. "Sexo 'gramatical', juicio social" (Ana Mª Vigara).  In García Landa, Vanity Fea 30 October 2009.*

         http://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2009/10/sexo-gramatical-juicio-social.html

         2009

_____. "Nombrar en femenino: Sexo 'gramatical', juicio social" (Ana Mª Vigara). Ibercampus (Vanity Fea) 4 Nov. 2009.*

         http://www.ibercampus.es/articulos.asp?idarticulo=11355

         2009

Igartua Ugarte, Iván. "El género gramatical y la evolución de la flexión nominal eslava y latina." Revista Española de Lingüística 30.1 (2000).

Inchaurralde, Carlos. "Gender: Class Marking." In Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Ed. Philipp Strazny. New York: Fitzroy Dearborn, c. 2004. 370-71.

Konishi, Toshi. "The Connotations of Gender: A Semantic Differential Study of German and Spanish." Word 45.3 (Dec. 1994): 317-27.*

Livia, Anna. Pronoun Envy: Literary Uses of Linguistic Gender. (Studies in Language and Gender). New York: Oxford UP, 2001.* (English, French).

Lyons, John. "7. Grammatical Categories." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 270-333.* (Introductory – Deictic Categories – Number and Gender – Case – Tense, Mood and Aspect – The Parts of Speech).

Yonderboy (et al.). "La incorrección lingüística de la corrección política." Barrapunto 21 May 2005.

         http://barrapunto.com/articles/06/05/21/184259.shtml

         2006-05-23

 

 

See also Women, gender and language.

 

 

Gender and language. See Women and language.

 

 

 

 

Glossolalia

 

Hansom, Dirk. "Speaking in Tongues: Glossolalia and Stress Reduction." The Dana Foundation 23 Oct. 2013.*

         http://dana.org/news/features/detail.aspx?id=44634

         2013

 

 

 

 

Government

 

Chomsky, Noam. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris, 1981.

_____. Some Concepts and Consequences of the Theory of Government and binding. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1982.

_____. La nueva sintaxis: Teoría de la rección y el ligamiento. Barcelona: Paidós, 1988. Trans. of Some Concepts and Consequences...

Haegeman, Liliane. Introduction to Government and Binding Theory. Cambridge (MA): Blackwell, 1991.

Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. "Government, Valence, and the Conception of Word." In Vitalidad e influencia de las lenguas indígenas en Latinoamerica. Coloquio Mauricio Swadesh [1990]. Ed. Ramón Arzápalo Marín and Yolanda Lastra. México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Antropológicas, 1995. 29-52. (Issued 1996).

Stowell, Timothy. "Null Operators and the Theory of Proper Government." Manuscript. UCLA, 1985.

 

See also Generative grammar (Government and Binding).

 

 

 

Grammatical metaphor / metonymy

 

Garrudo, F. "Fenómenos de metonimia sintáctica." Paper read at the I Jornadas de Lingüística Inglesa. Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, 2000

Goatly, Andrew. "Green Grammer and Grammatical Metaphor or Language and the Myth of Power or Metaphors We Die By." Journal of Pragmatics 25 (1996): 537-60.

_____. "Green Grammer and Grammatical Metaphor or Language and the Myth of Power or Metaphors We Die By." In Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Michael Toolan. London: Routledge, 2002. 3.425-52.*

Guillén Galve, Ignacio. "Grammatical Metaphor across a Medical Journal: An Initial Analysis of the Role of Genre." In Current Issues in GenreTheory. Ed. Ignacio Vázquez and Ana Hornero. Zaragoza: Mira, 1996. 153-80.*

_____. "Is Intertextuality Behind the Characteristic Nominalizations of the Medical Journal Article? Using Grammatical Metaphor as an Intertextual Signal." In The Intertextual Dimension of Discourse: Pragmalinguistic-Cognitive-Hermeneutic Approaches. Ed. Beatriz Penas. Zaragoza: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Zaragoza, 1996. 57-76.*

_____. "Representational Transference in Translation: A Reflection on the Interpretive Possibilities of Interlinguistic Grammatical Metaphor." In Pragmatics at Work: The Translation of Tourist Literature. Ed. María Pilar Navarro, Rosa Lorés and Silvia Murillo. Bern: Peter Lang, 2004.

_____. "The use of Ideational Grammatical Metaphor in Academic Spoken English." In English as a Glocalization Phenomenon. Observations from a Linguistic Microcosm. Ed. Carmen Pérez-Llantada and G. Ferguson. Valencia: Prensas Universitarias de Valencia, 2006. 153-181.

_____. "The Use of Ideational Grammatical Metaphor for Interpersonal Purposes in the Medical Research Article." In Perspectivas Interdisciplinares de la Lingüística Aplicada (Tomo III). Ed. M. L. Carrió. Valencia: Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada y Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 2006. 297-330.

Lorés, R. "The Discursive Function of Textual Grammatical Metaphors in Research Article Abstracts." In Perspectivas Interdisciplinares de la Lingüística Aplicada. Ed. M. L. Carrió Pastor. Valencia: Prensas Universitarias de Valencia, 2005. 331-337.

Vázquez, Ignacio. "Grammatical Metaphor and Its Use in Legal Discourse: The Case of Judgments as a Legal Genre." In Perspectivas Interdisciplinares de la Lingüística Aplicada. Vol. III. Ed. María Luisa Carrió. Valencia: U Politécnica de Valencia, 2005. 349-57.

_____. "Grammatical Metaphor as an Interpersonally-Driven System in Judgments." In Aprendizaje y uso del lenguaje en la sociedad de la Información y la Comunicación: Actas del XXII Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada. Universidad de las Islas Baleares, 2005. Forthcoming 2006.

 

 

 

 

Handbooks

 

Minshew. Guide into the Tongues. Ed. 1627.

 

 

 

Hearers. See Listeners

 

 

 

 

 

 

Holophrasis

 

Arbib, Michael A. "Holophrasis and the Protolanguage Spectrum." Interaction Studies 9 (2008): 151-65.

 

 

 

Homonymy

 

Aristotle. (Aristóteles). Categorías. In Aristóteles, Tratados de lógica. Introds., trans. and notes by Miguel Candel Sanmartín. Barcelona: RBA, 2015. 25-66.* (Homonyms, Synonyms, Predication, Being, Quantity, Relation, Quality, Activity and Passivity, Opposites, Contraries, Anteriority, Simulteaneity, Movement, Having).

Cruz Cabanillas, Isabel de la. "Interferencia homonímica y los efectos en el sistema lingüístico." Actas del XXI Congreso Internacional AEDEAN. Ed. F. Toda et al. Sevilla: U de Sevilla, 1999. 523-29.*

_____. "Recursos para remediar la interferencia homonímica." In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of AEDEAN (Asociación Española de Estudios Anglonorteamericanos). Lleida, 17-19 December 1998. Ed. Pere Gallardo and Enric Llurda. Lleida: Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2000. 47-51.*

_____. "The Conflict of Homonyms: Does it Exist?" Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica 25 (1999, issued 2000): 107-16.*

Paul, Peter. "Homonymy, Semantic Divergence and Valency." Lingua 58 (1982): 291-307.

 

 

 

 

 

Hypercorrection

 

Labov, William. "Hypercorrection by the Lower Middle Class as a Factor in Linguistic Change." In Labov, Sociolinguistic Patterns. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1972.

 

 

 

 

 

Hyponyms / Hyperonyms

 

Lyons, John. "10. Semantic Structure." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 443-81.* (Introductory – Synonymy – Hyponymy and Incompatibility – Antonymy, Complementarity, and Converseness – Componential Analysis and Universal Semantics).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ideal language

 

Bublitz, Wolfram."'Bringing (Language) Near the Mathematical Plainness': Der Mythos der idealen Sprache und die moderne Linguistik." Anglistik 7.2 (Sept. 1996): 91-114.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Idiolects

 

Dittmar, Norbert. "Explorations in 'idiolects'." In Theoretical linguistics and grammatical description. Ed. Robin Sackmann. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1996. 109-128.

Falkenberg, Thomas. "Idiolect and Convention: Incompatible Concepts?." In Theoretical Linguistics and Grammatical Description: Papers in Honour of Hans-Heinrich Lieb on the Occasion of his 60th birthday. Ed. Robin Sackmann. (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 138). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1996. 151-161.

Fillmore, Charles, Daniel Kempler, and William S.-Y. Wang, eds. Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior. New York: Acaemic Press, 1979.

Friedrich, Paul, and James Redfield. "Speech as Personality Symbol: The Case of Achilles." Language 54 (1972): 263-88.

Giménez Moreno, Rosa. "La variación idiolectal como estrategia de aprendizaje." In First International Conference on English Studies: Past, Present and Future: Costa de Almería, 19-25 de Octubre, 1997. Ed. Annette Gomis et al. CD-ROM. Almería: U de Almería, n.d. [2001]*

Gumperz, John J., and Deborah Tannen. "Individual and Social Differences in Language Use." In Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior. Ed. Charles Fillmore, Daniel Kempler, and William S.-Y. Wang. New York: Acaemic Press, 1979. 305-24.

Hilly-Mane, Geneviève. "Du mot à la phrase: manièrismes lexicaux, morphologiques et syntaxiques." In Hily-Mane, Le style de Ernest Hemingway. Paris: PUF, 1983. 163-97.*

Irigaray, Luce. "Idiolecte ou autre logique." In Irigaray, Parler n'est jamais neutre. Paris: Minuit, 1985. 189-212.*

Johnstone, Barbara. The Linguistic Individual. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1996.

Montes Granado, Consuelo. "Reflejo sociolingüístico de dos modos distintos de creación idiolectal y sociolectal en dos obras literarias." In AEDEAN Select Papers in Language, Literature and Culture: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference. [U of Córdoba, 1993]. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra. Vigo: AEDEAN, 2000. 227-32.*

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. Cambio semántico y competencia gramatical. (Lingüística Iberoamericana, 33). Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt a/M: Vervuert, 2009.*

Pennebaker, J. W., and A. Graybeal. "Patterns of Natural Language Use: Disclosure, Personality, and Social Integration." Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (2001): 90-93.

Rabatel, Alain. "Chapitre 6: Idiolecte et re-présentation du discours de l'autre dans le discours d'ego."  In Rabatel, Homo narrans: Pour une analyse énonciative et interactionnelle du récit. Tome 2: Dialogisme et Polyphonie dans le récit. Limoges: Lambert-Lucas, 2009. 471-84.*

 

 

See also Style.

 

 

 

 

Idioms, Phraseology, Formulaic expressions

 

Boulenger, V. "Grasping Ideas with the Motor System: Semantic Somototopy in Idiom Comprehension." Cerebral Cortex 19 (2008): 1905-14. 

Dobrovoll'skij, Dmitrij, and Elisabeth Piirainen. "Cultural Knowledge and Idioms." In New Advances in Phraseological Research. Ed. Flor Mena-Martínez. Monograph issue of IJES: 6.1 (2006): 27-41.*

Fernández-Parra, María. Formulaic Expressions in Computer-Assisted Translation: A Specialised Translation Approach. Saarbrücken: Scholar's Press, 2014.

Feyaerts, Kurt. "Towards a Dynamic Account of Phraseological Meaning: Creative Variation in Headlines and Conversational Humour." In New Advances in Phraseological Research. Ed. Flor Mena-Martínez. Monograph issue of IJES: 6.1 (2006): 57-84.*

Forment Fernández, María del Mar. "'Universales metafóricos' en la significación de algunas expresiones fraseológicas." Revista española de lingüística 30.2 (2000).

García-Medall, Joaquín, ed. Fraseología e ironía: Descripción y contraste. Lugo: Axac, 2006.

Gibbs, Raymond W. "Idiomaticity." In Gibbs, The Poetics of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. 2002. 265-318.*

Greimas, A. J. "Idiotismes, proverbes, dictons." Cahiers de lexicologie 2 (1960). Rpt. in part in Greimas, Du sens. Paris: Seuil, 1970.

Gutiérrez Díez, Francisco. "Idiomaticidad y traducción." Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa n. s. 4 (1995): 27-42.*

Langlotz, Andreas. "Occasional Adnominal Idiom Modification—A  Cognitive Linguistic Approach." In New Advances in Phraseological Research. Ed. Flor Mena-Martínez. Monograph issue of IJES: 6.1 (2006): 85-108.*

Luque Durán, Juan de Dios, and Antonio Pamies Bertrán, eds. La creatividad en el lenguaje: Colocaciones idiomáticas y fraseología. Granada: Método Ediciones / Granada Lingvistica, 2005.

Mena Martínez, Flor. "Occasional Phraseological Synonymy." In New Advances in Phraseological Research. Ed. Flor Mena-Martínez. Monograph issue of IJES: 6.1 (2006). 131-58.* (cognition, frames, scenarios).

_____, issue ed. New Advances in Phraseological Research. Monograph issue of IJES: International Journal of English Studies 6.1 (2006).*

Méndez Cendón, B., and P. Fernández Nistal. "Aproximaciones al concepto de fraseología especializada." In Pathways of Translation Studies. Ed. P. Fernández Nistal and J. M. Bravo Gozalo. Valladolid: U de Valladolid, 2001.

Miguel, Amando de. "L. Latiguillos y muletillas." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 89-93.*

_____. "M. Modas, manías y modismos." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 95-102.*

Monroy Casas, Rafael, and Juan Manuel Hernández Campoy. "A Sociolinguistic Approach to the Study of Idioms: Some Anthropologic Sketches." Cuadernos de Filología Inglesa n. s. 4 (1995): 43-62.*

Naciscione, Anita. "Sustainability of Phraseological Images in Discourse." In New Advances in Phraseological Research. Ed. Flor Mena-Martínez. Monograph issue of IJES: 6.1 (2006): 43-56.*

Ponce Márquez, Nuria. "El arte de traducir expresiones idiomáticas: La finalidad de la funcionalidad." Hermeneus 13 (2011): 127-49.*

Rodríguez Añón, Marta María. "Verbal Idiomatic Expressions across Different Languages."  In  Fifty Years of English Studies in Spain […] Actas del XXVI Congreso  de AEDEAN,  ed. Ignacio Palacios et al. Santiago de Compostela: U de Santiago de Compostela, 2003. 463-72.*

Smith, Logan Pearsall. Words and Idioms. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1926.

Woodhouselee, Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord. Essay on the Principles of Translation. Edinburgh: Printed for T. Cadell; and W. Creech, 1791.

Wray, Alison. Formulaic Language and the Lexicon. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002.

Zarandona Fernández, Juan Miguel. Rev. of Formulaic Expressions in Computer-Assisted Translation, by María Fernández-Parra. Hermeneus 18 (2016): 391-93.*

 

 

 

 

 

Illegibility

 

Dworkin, Craig. Reading the Illegible. Evanston: Northwestern UP, 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Illiteracy

 

Literature

 

Baron, Maurice. L'illettré. Novel. 2006.

 

 

 

Imaginary languages

 

Dodd, William Steven. "'Newspeak' in George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four." Revista Canaria de Estudios Ingleses 19/20 (1989-1990): 51-9.*

Downing, Angela. "From Quenya to the Common Speech: Linguistic Diversification in Lord of the Rings." In Actas del IV Congreso de la Asociación Española de Estudios Anglo-Norteamericanos (Salamanca, del 18 al 21 de Diciembre de 1980). Salamanca: Ediciones U de Salamanca, 1984. 149-56.*

Navarro Errasti, Pilar. "Aproximación lingüística al Newspeak." Miscelánea 4 (1984): 119-30.*

Pascual Garrido, María Luisa. "Riddley Walker and 'Imaginary Languages': Saving the Riddle in Translation." In Proceedings of the 29th AEDEAN Conference: Universidad de Jaén 15 al 20 diciembre 2005. CD-ROM. Ed. Alejandro Alcaraz Sintes et al. Jaén: AEDEAN / Servicio de Publicaciones U de Jaén, 2006. 639-49.* (Russell Hoban).

Santisteban, Francisco. "Lengua-ficción: A Clockwork Orange y el inglés del futuro." Atlantis 2.1 (Dec. 1980 / Jan. 1981): 29-40.*

Sanz Ledesma, Manuel. "La construcción de lenguas, vicio secreto de Tolkien." In Quince caminos para seguir a Tolkien. Ed. Fernando Cid Lucas. Cáceres: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de Cáceres / Diputación de Cáceres – Institución Cultural El Brocense, 2007. 61-75.*

 

 

Literature

 

 

Carroll, Lewis. "Jabberwocky." Poem. 1855, pub. 1871. In The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 7th ed. Ed. M. H. Abrams, with Stephen Greenblatt et al. New York: Norton, 1999. 2.1666-67.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Imperative

 

Downes, William. "The Imperative and Pragmatics." Journal of Linguistics 13 (1977): 77-97.

Rupp, Laura. The Syntax of Imperatives in English and Germanic: Word Order Variation in the Minimalist Framework. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2002.

Waters, Williams. "Rilke's Imperatives." Poetics Today 25 (2004): 711-30.

 

 

 

Impersonals

 

Gómez Torrego, Leonardo. La impersonalidad gramatical: Descripción y norma. Madrid: Arco Libros, 1994.

Kitagawa, C., and A. Lehrer. "Impersonal Uses of Personal Pronouns." Journal of Pragmatics 14 (1990): 739-59.

Leeuwen, Theo van. "The Representation of Social Actors." In Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Michael Toolan. London: Routledge, 2002. 302-39.*

Méndez Naya, Belén, and María José López Couso. "What Is Really Meant by Impersonal? On Impersonal and Related Terms." Atlantis 19.2 (December 1997, pub. December 1998): 185-92.*

 

 

 

 

Indefinite pronouns

 

Greimas, A. J. "Comment définir les indéfinis." Etudes de linguistique appliquée 2 (1963).

Larrivée, Pierre. "Le Paradoxe de l'interprétation: à propos du calcul du sens de certain indéfinis." In Représentations du sens linguistique. Ed. D. Lagorgette and P. Larrivée. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Pesetsky, David. "Wh-in-situ: Movement and Unselective Binding." In The Representation of (In)Definiteness. Eds. E. Reuland and A. Ter Meulen. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987. 98-129.

Reuland, E., and A. Ter Meulen, eds. The Representation of (In)Definiteness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.

 

 

 

Indexicals

 

Perry, John. The Problem of the Essential Indexical. Stanford (CA): Stanford UP, 2000.

Richter, Heide. Indexikalität: Ihre Behandlung in Philosophie und Sprachwissenschaft. (Linguistische Arbeiten, 217). Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1988.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Indicative, Indication

 

Linhares-Dias, Rui. "3. The Narrating Stance as Locutionary Subjectivity." In Linhares-Dias, How to Show Things with Words: A Study on Logic, Language and Literature. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. 107-54.* (Speech act theory, statements, functions of language, Marty, Husserl, Bühler, Jakobson, indication, expression, locution).

 

 

 

 

 

Inflections

 

Llorente, Lucía I. "El problema de la inflexión en el castellano antiguo y la organización jerárquica de los rasgos distintivos." Analecta Malacitana 23.2 (2000): 597-612.*

Ramos Guerreira, Agustín. "Palabras que se doblan. Sobre la historia de 'flexión' en la gramática." In Otivm cvm dignitate: Estudios en homenaje al profesor José Javier Iso Echegoyen. Ed. J. A. Beltrán et al. (Monografías de Filología Latina, 16). Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, 2013. 149-60.*

 

 

Anthologies

 

Gutiérrez-Rexach, Javier, ed. Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Volume IV: The Semantics of Predicates and Inflection. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

 

Inner speech

 

Audio

 

Loevenbruck, Hélène. "Inner Speech in Action: EMG Data during Verbal Thought and Auditory Verbal Hallucination." Savoirs – ENS 15 Oct. 2013.*

         http://savoirs.ens.fr/expose.php?id=1479

         2013

 

 

 

 

Interjections

 

Goffman, Erving. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1981.*

_____. Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981.

_____. Façons de parler. Trans. Alain Kihm. (Le sens commun). Paris: Minuit, 1987.

Ostwald, P. F. Sound Making The Acoustic Communication of Emotion. 1963.

 

 

 

 

 

Interlocutors

 

García Landa, José Angel. "El interlocutor interiorizado." Vanity Fea 29 Dec. 2009.*

         http://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2009/12/el-interlocutor-interiorizado.html

         2020

_____. "El interlocutor interiorizado." Ibercampus (Vanity Fea) 28 Dec. 2019.*

         https://www.ibercampus.es/el-interlocutor-interiorizado-39211.htm

         2020 DISCONTINUED 2024 – Online at the Internet Archive:

         https://web.archive.org/web/20220331204559/https://www.ibercampus.es/el-interlocutor-interiorizado-39211.htm

         2024

_____. "El interlocutor interiorizado." Academia 5 Jan. 2020.*

         https://www.academia.edu/41522044/

         2020

_____. "El interlocutor interiorizado." SSRN 24 Jan. 2020.*

         https://ssrn.com/abstract=3512150

         2020

         Interpersonal Communication eJournal 24 Jan. 2020.*

         https://www.ssrn.com/link/Interpersonal-Communication.html

         2020

         Communication & Identity eJournal 24 Jan. 2020.*

         https://www.ssrn.com/link/Communication-Identity.html

         2020

         Sociolinguistics & Variation eJournal 24 Jan. 2020.*

         https://www.ssrn.com/link/Sociolinguistics-Variation.html

         2020

         Philosophy of Language eJournal 24 Jan. 2020.*

         https://www.ssrn.com/link/Philosophy-Language.html

         2020

_____. "El interlocutor interiorizado." ResearchGate 9 Feb. 2020.*

         https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339136878

         2020

_____. "El interlocutor interiorizado." Humanities Commons 18 Feb. 2020.*

         https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:28835/

         http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/tk0h-f083

         2020

_____. "El interlocutor interiorizado." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 2 Feb. 2020.*

         https://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2020/02/el-interlocutor-interiorizado.html

         2020

_____. "El interlocutor interiorizado." Net Sight de José Angel García Landa 4 Jan. 2024.*

         https://personal.unizar.es/garciala/publicaciones/interlocutorinter.pdf

         2024

Martín Gaite, Carmen. "La búsqueda de interlocutor." 1966. In Martín Gaite, La búsqueda de interlocutor y otras búsquedas. 1973. Barcelona: Destino, 1982. 21-34.*

_____. La búsqueda de interlocutor y otras búsquedas. 1973. (Destinolibro, 176). Barcelona: Destino, 1982.*

_____. La búsqueda de interlocutor. 3rd ed. Barcelona: Anagrama, 2000.

 

 

See also Address; Speakers; Conversation.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Interpersonal dimensions of language

 

Sell, Roger D. Literature as Communication: The Foundations of Mediating Criticism. (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 78). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000.*

 

 

See also Linguistics (general); Linguistic interaction; Pragmatics.

 

 

 

 

 

Intensifiers

 

Penas Ibáñez, Azucena. "Los intensivos léxicos y morfológicos: su importancia lingüística y estilística." Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica 19/20 (1993-94): 129-50.*

 

 

 

 

 

Interjections, Cries

 

Aarsand, Pål A. and K. Aronsson. "Response Cries and Other Gaming Moves: Building Intersubjectivity in Gaming." Journal of Pragmatics 41.8 (2009): 1557–75.

Cruz Cabanillas de la, Isabel and  Cristina Tejedor Martínez. "La influencia de las formas inarticuladas, interjecciones y onomatopeyas inglesas en los tebeos españoles."  Revista Española de Lingüística y Lenguas Aplicadas 4 (2009): 47-58.

Fábregas, A. and I. Gil. "Algunos problemas de la interjección en lexicografía." Actas de AESLA. Ed. R. Monroy and A. Sánchez. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia, 2008. 631-638.

James, Deborah. "Some Aspects of the Syntax and Semantics of Interjections." In Papers from the Eighth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society. 1972. 162-72.

_____. "The Use of Oh, Ah, Say and Well in Relation to a Number of Grammatical Phenomena." Papers in Linguistics 11 (1978): 517-35.

Goffman, Erving. "Response Cries." Language 54 (1978): 787-815.

_____. "Response cries." In Goffman, Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1981. 78-123.*

Monzoni, Chiara M. "8. The Use of Interjections in Italian Conversation: the Participation of the Audience in Narratives." In Narrative Interaction. Ed. Uta M. Quasthoff and Tabea Becker. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2005. 197-220.*

 

 

See also Linguistic interaction; Discourse markers.

 

 

 

 

Interlanguage. See Second Language Acquisition. Interlanguage.

 

 

 

 

International languages

 

Borges, Jorge Luis. "Delphos, or The Future of International Language, de E. S. Pankhurst." El Hogar 10 March 1939. Rpt. in Borges, Miscelánea. Barcelona: Random House Mondadori-DeBols!llo, 2011. 1045-46.*

Pankhurst, E. S. (Sylvia Pankhurst). Delphos, or The Future of International Language. c. 1939.

Phillipson, Robert. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.

_____. "International Languages and International Human Rights." In Approaching Linguistic Human Rights. Ed. Miklós Koontra, Robert Phillipson, Tove Skutnabb-Kangas and Tibor Várady. Budapest: Central European Press, forthcoming 1998.

 

See also Lingua franca; Artificial languages.

 

 

 

 

 

Interpersonal dimensions (of language and communication)

 

Devine, P. G., S. R. Evett and K. A. Vasquez-Suson. "Exploring the Interpersonal Dynamics of Intergroup Contact." In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: The Interpersonal Context. Ed. R. M. Sorrentino and E. T. Higgins. New York: Guilford Press, 1996. 3.423-64.

Sorrentino, R. M., and E. T. Higgins, eds. Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: The Interpersonal Context. New York: Guilford Press, 1996.

 

 

 

Interrogatives

 

Escandell Vidal, M. Victoria. "Los enunciados interrogativos." In Escandell, Introducción a la pragmática. Barcelona: UNED / Anthropos, 1993. 198-217.*

 

 

See also Questions.

 

 

Intonation

 

Estebas i Vilaplana, Eva. "The Intonation of Enumerations: A Cross-Linguistic Study." Actas del XXI Congreso Internacional AEDEAN. Ed. F. Toda et al. Sevilla: U de Sevilla, 1999. 645-51.*

 

 

 

 

Irregularity

 

Bolinger, Dwight L. Generality, Gradience, and the All-or-None. The Hague: Mouton, 1961.

Lakoff, George. Irregularity in Syntax. New York: Holt, 1970.

 

 

 

 

 

Jargon, Lingo

 

François, Denise. "Les argots." In Le Langage. Ed. André Martinet. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 620-46.*

Miguel, Amando de. "F. Faramalla periodística." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 49-54.*

_____. "J. Jergas y jerigonzas." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 69-82.*

Nash, W. Jargon. Oxford: Blackwell, 1993.

Quirk, Randolph, and Janet Whitcut. "Lingo." Times Educational Supplement 2 May 1980.

Salvador Plans, Antonio. "Los lenguajes especiales en las letrillas sacras gongorinas." In Teoría y análisis de los discursos literarios: Estudios en homenaje al profesor Ricardo Senabre Sempere. Ed. S. Crespo et al. Salamanca: U de Extremadura / Ediciones U de Salamanca, 2009. 393-400.*

Smigiel, Frank. "Shop-Talk: Exchanging Narrative, Sex, and Value." Modern Fiction Studies 41.3-4 (Fall-Winter 1995): 635-56.*

Watson, Don. Death Sentences: How Clichés, Weasel Words and Management-Speak Are Strangling Public Language. New York: Gotham, 2005.

 

 

See also Professional languages; Vocabulary.

 

 

 

Keywords

 

Skinner, Quentin. "La idea de un léxico cultural." In El giro contextual: Cinco ensayos de Quentin Skinner, y seis comentarios. Ed. Enrique Bocardo Crespo. Madrid 2007. 173-174.

Toolan, Michael. "Values are Descriptions; or, from Literature to Linguistics and back again by way of keywords." BELL ns 2 (2004): 11-30.

Wierzbicka, A. Understanding Cultures through their Key-Words.

Williams, Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. London: Fontana, 1976.

_____. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1983.

_____. Keywords. Selection. In Literary Criticism and Theory. Ed. R. C. Davis and L. Finke. London: Longman, 1989. 774-84.*

 

 

See also Lexis; Vocabulary; Discourse.

 

 

 

Knowledge and experience of language  - Language Culture

 

Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de. "Discurso leído en su entrada en la Real Academia Española, sobre la necesidad del estudio de la lengua para comprender el estudio de la legislación." In Obras escogidas de Jovellanos, con un prólogo de Eduardo Ovejero y Maury. (Biblioteca de Filósofos Españoles, dirigda por Eduardo Ovejero y Maury). Madrid: Espasa Calpe – Imprenta La Rafa, 1930. 27-32.*

O'Neill, Maria. "Richard Mulcaster and Samuel Johnson: The Experience of Language." In First International Conference on English Studies: Past, Present and Future: Costa de Almería, 19-25 de Octubre, 1997. Ed. Annette Gomis et al. CD-ROM. Almería: U de Almería, n.d. [2001]*

 

 

 

Language awareness

 

Garret, Peter, and Carl James. "What's Language Awareness?" Babel-AFIAL 2 (1993): 109-14.*

 

 

 

Language contact

 

Blas Arroyo, José Luis. "La interferencia lingüística a debate: A propósito de un caso de convergencia gramatical por causación múltiple." Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica 21-22 (1995-1996): 175-200.*

_____. Gramáticas en contacto. (Lincom Studies in Romance Linguistics 23). Munich: Lincom Europa.

Britain, David, and Peter Trudgill. "New Dialect Formation and Contact-Induced Reallocation." In Sociolinguistics and the History of English: Perspectives and Problems. Ed. Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre and Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy. Monograph issue of IJES 5.1 (2005): 183-209.* (Fens dialect (eastern England), English dialects).

Hoenselaars, Ton, and Marius Buning, eds. English Literature and the Other Languages. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999.

Maurer-Lausegger, Herta. "Zur soziolinguistischen Situation in der gemischsprachigen Gemeinde Diex/Djekse in Kärnten. Ein historischer Streifzug." In Beiträge zu Sprache & Sprachen 3: Vorträge der 6. Münchner Linguistik-Tage. Ed. Karin Pittner and Robert J. Pittner. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Sánchez, Ida Sonia. "La traductología: Estudio de lenguas en contacto." Hermeneus 7 (2005): 159-73.*

Seaman, P. David. Modern Greek and American English in Contact. The Hague: Mouton, 1972.

Thomason, S. G., and T. Kaufman. Language Contact, Creolization and Genetic Linguistics. U of California P, 1988.

 

 

 

See also Pidgins and Creoles; Multilingualism.

 

 

 

Language diversity

 

Fourquet, Jean. "Langue. Dialecte. Patois." In Le Langage. Ed. André Martinet. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 569-96.*

Ibarretxe-Antuñano, Iraide. "Empatía lingüística." Archiletras 19 Feb. 2021.*

         https://www.archiletras.com/firma/empatia-linguistica/

         2023

Martinet, André, ed. Le Langage. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968.* (Le langage- La Communication - La Langue - Acquisition du langage par l'enfant - Les désordres du langage - Les fonctions sécondaires du langage - Les représentations graphiques du langage - Le langage et les groupes humains - L'Évolution des langues - Quelques types de langues - Les langues dans le monde d'aujourd'hui - Les familles de langues).

Nettle, Daniel. Linguistic Diversity. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999.

Phillipson, Robert, and Tove Skutnabb-Kangas. "English Only Worldwide or Language Ecology?" TESOL Quarterly 30.3 (1996): 429-52.

 

See also Languages.

 

 

 

 

 

Layered structure

 

Fortescue, Michael, Peter Harder and Lars Kristoffersen, eds. Layered Structure and Reference in a Functional Perspective: Papers from the Functional Grammar Conference, Copenhaguen, 1990. (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series, 23). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1992.

 

 

 

Language families

 

Manessy-Guitton, Jacqueline. "La parenté généalogique." In Le Langage. Ed. André Martinet. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 814-64.*

_____. "Les familles de langues: Généralités." In Le Langage. Ed. André Martinet. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 1125-39.*

Martinet, André, ed. Le Langage. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968.* (Le langage- La Communication - La Langue - Acquisition du langage par l'enfant - Les désordres du langage - Les fonctions sécondaires du langage - Les représentations graphiques du langage - Le langage et les groupes humains - L'Évolution des langues - Quelques types de langues - Les langues dans le monde d'aujourd'hui - Les familles de langues).

Priestly, T. M. S. "Schleicher, Celakovsky, and the Family-Tree Diagram." Historiographia Linguistica 2 (1975): 299-333.

 

 

See also Indoeuropean; Language typology.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Learnability

 

Pinker, Steven. Language Learnability and Language Development.

_____. Learnability and Cognition. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1989.

_____. The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press, 1994.

 

 

 

Learning. See First Language acquisition, Second Language acquisition.

 

 

 

 

Levels of analysis

 

Benveniste, Émile. "Les niveaux d'analyse linguistique." In Benveniste, Problèmes de linguistique générale.

_____. "Levels of Linguistic Analysis." 1966. From Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics. Florida: U of Miami P, 1971. 101-11. In Structuralism: Critical Concepts in Literary and Cultural Studies. Ed. Jonathan Culler. London: Routledge, 2006. Vol. 1.

_____. Problèmes de linguistique générale. 2 vols. Paris: Galliamard, 1968, 1974.

_____. Problems in General Linguistics. Trans. Mary Elizabeth Meck. Coral Gables (FL): U of Miami P, 1977.

_____. Problemas de lingüística general. México: Siglo XXI, 1974.

García Landa, José Angel. "Diferentes teorías sobre los niveles de análisis del texto literario." In García Landa, Acción, Relato, Discurso: Estructura de la ficción narrativa. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1998. 61-64.*

Hjelmslev, Louis. "The Stratification of Language." In Semiotics. Ed. Karin Boklund-Lagopoulou, Alexandros Lagopoulos and Mark Gottdiener. London: SAGE, 2002. Vol. 1.

Jakobson, Roman. "Los aspectos fonémicos y gramaticales de la lengua en sus interrelaciones." In Jakobson, Ensayos de lingüística general. Barcelona: Planeta-Agostini, 1985. 217-34,

Lieb, Hans-Heinrich. "Zur Kritik von N. Chomskys Theorie der Ebenen." Lingua 19 (1968): 341-385.

Mairal Usón, Ricardo and Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez. "Levels of Description and Explanation in Meaning Construction." In Deconstructing Constructions. Ed. Christopher Butler and Javier Martín Arista. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2008. 153–198.

Martinet, André. "La doble articulación del lenguaje." In Martinet, La lingüística sincrónica. Madrid: Gredos,  1968. 1978.* (I. Naturaleza y caracterización del lenguaje humano. II. El criterio de la articulación. III. Arbitrariedad lingüística y doble articulación).

Nuyts, J., A. M. Bolkestein and C. Vet eds. Layers and Levels of Representation in Language Theory: A Functional View. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1990.

Oro Cabanas, J .M. Introduction to the English Language through Linguistic Levels. Lugo: J. Oro, 1992.

Penas Ibáñez, Azucena. "Presencia de los distintos niveles del lenguaje en los juegos de significantes y significados: un ejemplo diacrónico en español." In Mira de Amescua en candelero. Actas del Congreso Internacional sobre Mira de Amescua y el teatro español del siglo XVII (Granada, 27-30 octubre de 1994). Ed. Agustín de la Granja and Juan Antonio Martínez Berbel. Granada, 1996. 379-93.*

Scheffel, Michael. "Narrative Constitution." In Handbook of Narratology. Ed. Peter Hühn et al. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2009. 282-94.* (Levels of analysis).

Valles Calatrava, José R. "Hacia una nueva propuesta teórica de sistematización de los estratos del texto narrativo: Fábula, trama y  relato como planos funcional, actuacional y discursivo." Revista de Literatura (Instituto de Lengua, Literatura y Antropología, CSIC) 78.156 (Jul.-Dec. 2016): 345-67.

         doi: 10.3989/revliteratura.2016.02.014  (Online at Ebsco).*

         http://revistadeliteratura.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeliteratura/article/download/392/407

         2017

Zubizarreta, M. L. Levels of Representation in the Lexicon and in the Syntax. Dordrecht: Foris, 1987.

 

 

See also Categorization.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Licensing

 

Panagiotidis, Phoevos. Pronouns, Clitics and Empty Nouns: "Pronominality" and Licensing in Syntax. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 46). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

 

 

 

Limitations of language  / Limits of Language

 

Locke, John. "III.IX. Of the Imperfection of Words." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

_____. "III.X. Of the Abuse of Words." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

_____. "III.XI. Of the Remedies of the Foregoing Imperfections and Abuses." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

 

 

 

Blogs

 

 

Metáforas – Límites del lenguaje – Semióticas – Metaphors – Semiotics. Facebook.*

         https://www.facebook.com/groups/httpswww.facebook.comlimiteslenguaje

         2023

 

 

 

Lingua franca / International languages

 

Crystal, David. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge UP 1997. Rpt. Cambridge: Cambridge UP-Canto, 1998. 2001.*

_____. English as a Global Language. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.

_____. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2012.

Dewey, Martin. "Pedagogic Criticality and English as a Lingua Franca." Atlantis 36.2 (Dec. 2014): 11-30.*

Keen, Paul. "The Intelligible Empire: Orientalism, English and the Question of Universality." In English Literature and the Other Languages. Ed. Ton Hoenselaars and Marius Buning. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999.

García Landa, José Ángel. "La lengua franca (y no es el francés). Vanity Fea 3 March 2005.

http://garciala.blogia.com/2005/030302-la-lengua-franca-y-no-es-el-frances-.php

_____. "Todas las lenguas no son iguales." Ibercampus (Vanity Fea) 16 March 2010.*

         http://www.ibercampus.es/articulos.asp?idarticulo=12281

         2010-03-17

Holliday, Adrian. "2 - English as a Lingua Franca, ‘Non-Native Speakers’ and Cosmopolitan Realities." In English as an International Language. Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. Ed. Farzad Sharifian. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2009.

Honey, John. "English as Metalanguage: The Myth of 'Linguistic Equality'." Anglistik 7.1 (March 1996): 99-118.*

López Facal, Javier. "La lengua de la ciencia." El País 10 Oct. 2007.

http://www.elpais.com/articulo/futuro/lengua/ciencia/elpepufut/20071010elpepifut_6/Tes

         2007.

Leith, Dick. "English—Colonial to Postcolonial." In English: History, Diversity and Change. Ed. David Graddol, Dick Leith and Joan Swann. London: Routledge / Open UP, 1996. 180-221.*

Mazrui, A. "The World Bank, the Language Question and the Future of African Education." Race and Class 38.3 (1997): 35-48.

Ortiz, Renato. La supremacía del inglés en las ciencias sociales. Siglo XXI, 2009.*

_____. "La supremacía del inglés en las ciencias sociales." Fírgoa: Universidade Pública 21 Dec. 2009.*

         http://firgoa.usc.es/drupal/node/45030

         2009-12-21

Phillipson, Robert. Linguistic Imperialism. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992.

Salmasi, Stefano. "English as a lingua franca at the European Union: The Undertakings of Pride?" RANAM: Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines no. 36 (2003): ESSE 6—Strasbourg 2002. 2- Linguistics. Gen. ed. A. Hamm. Sub-eds. Pierre Frath and Matti Rissanen. Strasbourg: Université Marc Bloch, Service des périodiques, 2003. 113-20.*

Savater, Fernando. "Una lengua multiétnica." El Asterisco 18 March 2018.*

         https://www.elasterisco.es/espanol-una-lengua-multietnica/?platform=hootsuite

         2018

Seidlhofer, B. Understanding English as a Lingua Franca. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2011.

Sharifian, Farzad. "1 - English as an International Language: An Overview." In English as an International Language. Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. Ed. Farzad Sharifian. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2009.

_____. "13 - Cultural Conceptualizations in English as an International Language." In English as an International Language. Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. Ed. Farzad Sharifian. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2009.

 

 

 

See also World English

 

 

 

 

Linguistic consciousness / Linguistic awareness

 

McLaren, Neil. "'Noticing' Grammar in Methodology Books and Literature." In First International Conference on English Studies: Past, Present and Future: Costa de Almería, 19-25 de Octubre, 1997. Ed. Annette Gomis et al. CD-ROM. Almería: U de Almería, n.d. [2001]*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Listeners

 

Bell, Allan. "Language Style as Audience Design." In Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. Ed. Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997. Rpt. Palgrave. 240-50.*

Brown, Gillian. Speakers, Listeners and Communication: Explorations in Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995.*

Chapman, Siobhan. "Speakers and Hearers." In Chapman, Philosophy for Linguists: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2000. 106-43.* (Wittgenstein, ordinary language philosophy, speech acts, meaning and intention, conversational implicature, pragmatics).

Clark, H., et al. "Speech Acts and Hearers' Beliefs." In Mutual Knowledge. Ed. N. V. Smith. London: Academic Press, 1982. 171-95.

Erickson, Frederick. "Listening and Speaking." In Language and Linguistics: The Interdependence of Theory, Data, and Application. Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics 1985. Ed. Deborah Tannen. Washington, DC: Georgetown UP, 1986. 294-319.

Garnes, Sara, and Zinny S. Bond. "Slips of the Ear: Errors in Perception of Casual Speech." In Papers from the Eleventh Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago, 1975. 214-25.

Garvin, Harry R., ed. Theories of Reading, Looking and Listening. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1981.

Goffman, Erving. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1981.*

Goodwin, Charles. Conversational Organization: Interaction between Speakers and Hearers. New York: Academic Press, 1981.

Haverkate, H. Speech Acts, Speakers and Hearers. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1984.

 

See also Addressees, Audience, Readers; Interaction (linguistic); Conversation.

 

 

 

 

Literal language / Literal meaning

 

Aulus Gellius. "On the Importance of Avoiding Strict Literalness." From Noctes Atticae (100 C.E.?). In Douglas Robinson, Western Translation Theory: From Herodotus to Nietzsche. Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997.*

Bredin, H. "The Literal and the Figurative." Philosophy 67 (1992): 69-80.

Browning, Robert. "Literal at Every Cost." From the preface to the translation of Aeschylus' Agamemnon. 1877. In Douglas Robinson, Western Translation Theory: From Herodotus to Nietzsche. Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997.*

Cercas, Javier. "La barbarie de la literalidad." El País (Palos de ciego) 29 June 2016.*

         http://elpaissemanal.elpais.com/columna/la-barbarie-la-literalidad/

         2016

Dascal, Marcelo. "Defending Literal Meaning." Cognitive Science 11 (1987): 259-81.

Fish, Stanley. "Normal Circumstances, Literal Language, Direct Speech Acts, the Ordinary, the Everyday, the Obvious, What Goes Without Saying, and Other Special Cases." Critical Inquiry 4.4 (Summer 1978): 625-644.* Rpt. as "Normal Circumstances and Other Special Cases." In Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? 268-92.*

Gibbs, Raymond W. "Literal Meaning and Psychological Theory." Cognitive Science 8 (1984): 275-304.

_____. "Thinking and Speaking Literally." In Gibbs, The Poetics of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994. 2002. 23-79.*

Humboldt, Wilhelm von. "The More Faithful, The More Divergent." From the introduction to the translation of Aeschylus' Agamemnon. 1816. In Douglas Robinson, Western Translation Theory: From Herodotus to Nietzsche. Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997.*

Olson, Richard D., and Angela Hildyard. "Writing and Literal Meaning." In The Psychology of Written Language: Developmental and Educational Perspectives. Ed. Margaret Martlew. Chichester: Wiley, 1983.

Piquer Piriz, Ana Mª. "The Understanding of Non-Figurative Language in the EFL Classroom." In Actas XXVIII Congreso Internacional / International Conference AEDEAN. CD-ROM. Valencia: U de València, 2005.*

Rakova, Marina. The Myth of the Literal: Metaphor, Polysemy and Theories of Concepts. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2003.

Rolle, Richard. "Following the Letter." Prologue to English Translation of the Psalter. (1330s). In Douglas Robinson, Western Translation Theory: From Herodotus to Nietzsche. Manchester: St. Jerome, 1997.*

Toolan, Michael. "On Inscribed or Literal Meaning." In Toolan, Total Speech: An Integrational Linguistic Approach to Language. Durham (NC): Duke UP, 1996. 24-55.*

_____. "On Inscribed or Literal Meaning." In Integrational Linguistics: A First Reader. Ed. Roy Harris and George Wolf. Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon, 1998. 143-58.*

 

 

See also Ordinary language; Meaning; Tropes.

 

 

Locatives

 

Ibáñez Moreno, Ana.  "A Semantic Analysis of Locative Expressions: The Problem of Intransitivity in Propositions." Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 2.2 (2004): 27-45.

_____.  "On the Categorization of Locative Expressions: A Functional Account." RESLA 17-18 (2005): 145-55.

Laffut, An. "The Locative Alternation: A Contrastive Study of Dutch vs. English." Languages in Contrast 1.2 (1998): 127-60.

Lyons, John. "8. Grammatical Functions." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 334-99.* (Subject, Predicate and Adjunct – Transitivity and Ergativity – Voice – Existential, Locative and Possessive Constructions).

Sosa Acevedo, Eulalia. "A Functional Interpretation of Locative Prefixes in English." Journal of English Studies 4 (2003-2004): 197-224.*

 

 

 

Macrostructures. See Coherence.

 

 

Magic and language. See Magic.

 

 

Malapropisms

 

Bertrand, Rémi. Un mot pour un autre. Ilust. Rémi Bertrand. (Le goût des mots). Paris: Éditions Points, 2009.

Cutler, Anne, and David Fay. "Malapropism and the Structure of the Mental Lexicon." Linguistic Inquiry 8 (1977): 505-20.

Sanderson Pastro, John. "La teoría de la relevancia aplicada a la traduccón del malapropismo para la representación teatral." In Actas del 25º Congreso AEDEAN, Granada 2001. CD-ROM. Granada: U de Granada: Departamento de Filología Inglesa, 2002.*

Vázquez, Adolfo L. S. "Shakespeare's Use of Malapropisms and Their Translation into Spanish." Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 14 (2001): 281-96.

Zwicky, Arnold M. "Classical Malapropisms." Languge Sciences 1.2 (1977): 339-48.

_____. "Classical Malapropisms and the Creation of a Mental Lexicon." In Exceptional Language and Linguistics. Ed. L. Obler and L. Menn. Academic Press, 1982.

 

 

 

Markedness

 

Andrews, E. Markedness Theory: The Union of Asymmetry and Semiosis in Language. Durham (NC): Duke UP, 1990.

Battistella, Edwin. Markedness: The Evaluative Superstructure of Language.

Haas, W. "Zero in Linguistic Description." In Studies in Linguistic Analysis. By J. R. Firth et al. (Special Volume of the philological society). Oxford: Blackwell, 1957.

Lehrer, A. "Markedness and Antonymy." Journal of Linguistics 21 (1985): 397-429.

Martinet, André. "La jerarquía de las oposiciones significativas." In Martinet, La lingüística sincrónica. Madrid: Gredos,  1968. 1978. 178-92. (I. La noción de marca. II. La marca y la alteridad).

Muñoz Lahoz, Carmen. "A Case of Frequency-Based Markedness." Atlantis 16 (1994): 165-78.*

Viel, M. La notion de 'marque' chez Trubetzkoy et Jakobson. Paris: Didier, 1984.

Waugh, Linda R. "Marked and Unmarked: A Choice between Unequals in Semiotic Structure." Semiotica 38.3/4 (1982): 299-318.

 

 

 

 

Materiality

 

Bonheim, Helmut. "The Materiality of Language." In Literature and Linguistics: Approaches, Models and Applications: Studies in Honour of Jon Erickson. Ed. Marion Gymnich, Ansgar Nünning and Vera Nünning. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2002. 147-56.*

Godelier, Maurice. "The Mental and the Material." In Semiotics. Ed. Karin Boklund-Lagopoulou, Alexandros Lagopoulos and Mark Gottdiener. London: SAGE, 2002. Vol. 2.

Gottdiener, Mark. "The Substance of the Expression: The Role of Material Culture in Symbolic Interaction." In Semiotics. Ed. Karin Boklund-Lagopoulou, Alexandros Lagopoulos and Mark Gottdiener. London: SAGE, 2002. Vol. 4.

 

 

 

 

Mathematical linguistics

 

Asher, Nicholas. "Mathematical Treatments of Discourse Contexts." In Proceedings of the Tenth Amsterdam Colloquium. Ed. Paul Dekker and Martin Stokhof. Amsterdam: ILLC, U of Amsterdam, 1995. 21-40. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.

Bernárdez, Enrique. "On the Study of Language with the Tools of Catastrophe Theory." Atlantis 17.1-2 (1995; issued 1997): 261-92.*

Halle, Morris. Structures of Language and Its Mathematical Aspect. 1961.

Martín-Vide, Carlos, and Gheorghe Paun. "Normal Forms for Watson-Crick Finite Automata." In The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer. Ed. Fabrice Cavoto. 2 vols. Munich: Lincom Europa.

 

 

Journals

 

Grammars.

Mathematical and formal linguistics journal.

Contact: Carlos Martín Vide, cmv@astor.urv.es

 

 

Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 28 (1977).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Methods (for research)

 

Johnstone, Barbara. Qualitative Methods in Sociolinguistics. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Porte, Graeme Keith Appraising Research in Second Language Learning: A Practical Approach to Critical Analysis of Quantitative Research. (Language Learning and Language Teaching, 3). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

 

See also Methodology; Research.

 

 

 

Minority languages

 

Hernández González, Carmen, and Fermín Sierra Martínez. Las lenguas en la Europa Comunitaria. III: La adquisición-enseñanza de segundas lenguas y-o de lenguas extranjeras - Las lenguas de minorías. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1999.

Skuttnab-Kangas, Tove, and Robert Phillipson, eds. Linguistic Human Rights: Overcoming Linguistic Discrimination. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1994. 1995.

 

 

See also Multilingualism.

 

 

 

Miscommunication

 

Castilla del Pino, Carlos. La incomunicación. (Ediciones de Bolsillo). Barcelona: Península, 1977.

_____. La incomunicación. (Grandes Pensadores Españoles). Barcelona: Planeta DeAgostini, 2011.*

Tzanne, Angeliki. Talking at Cross-Purposes: The Dynamics of Miscommunication. (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series, 62). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2000.

 

See also Misunderstanding.

 

 

 

 

 

Monikers

 

García Landa, José Ángel. "Alias, a.k.a.s, mónikers." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 16/17 July 2005. (Blogs, Internet, nicknames, anonymity).

http://garciala.blogia.com/2005/071701-alias-a-k-a-s-monikers.php

         2005-08-19

Sayers, William. "Moniker: Etymology and Lexicographical History." Miscelánea 35 (2007): 91-97.*

 

 

 

 

Monolingualism

 

Kuper, Simon. "The Problem with English." Financial Times 12 Jan. 2017.*

         https://www.ft.com/content/223af71a-d853-11e6-944b-e7eb37a6aa8e

         2017

Weinreich, Uriel. "Unilinguisme et multilinguisme." In Le Langage. Ed. André Martinet. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 647-84.*

 

 

 

 

 

Monotonicity

 

Hoeksema, Jack. "Monotonicity Phenomena in Natural Language." Linguistic Analysis 16 (1986): 25-40. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

 

Mother tongue

 

Borossa, Julia. "Identity, Loss and the Mother Tongue." Paragraph 21.3 (1998):391-402.

Bryson, Bill. The Mother Tongue. William Morrow, 1990.

Cruz, Isagani R. "Kung Bakit Malapo ang Ingles pero Hindi dapat Lumabo ang Ating Paningin / Deconstructing English as a Language for Philippine Theory: Isang Papel, Dalawang Wika." In Cruz, Bukod na bukod:  Mga piling sanaysay. Ed. David Jonathan Y. Bayot. Diliman, Quezon City (Philippines): U of the Philippines P, 2003. 147-54.*

García Landa, José Angel. "Las falsas 'lenguas maternas'." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 24 Feb. 2024.*

         https://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2024/02/las-falsas-lenguas-maternas.html

         2024

Pattanayak, D. P. Multilingualism and Mother Tongue Education. Delhi: Oxford UP, 1981.

Schmid, Monika S. First Language Attrition, Use and Maintenance: The Case of German Jews in Anglophone Countries. (Studies in Bilingualism, 24). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

Tan, Amy. "Mother Tongue." In The Best American Essays: College Edition. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. 147-54.*

 

 

 

Journals

 

 

Mother Tongue  9 (2004).

 

 

 

See also First language acquisition; Native speakers.

 

 

 

 

Moves

 

Williams, Ian A. "Move, Voice and Stance in Biomedical Research Article Discussions: A Pedagogical Perspective." In Actas del V Congreso Internacional AELFE (Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos) / Proceedings of the 5th International AELFE Conference). Ed. Mª Carmen Pérez-Llantada Auría, Ramón Plo Alastrué and Claus Peter Neumann. CD-ROM. Zaragoza: AELFE / Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2005. 43-51.*

 

 

 

Names

 

Adrada Rafael, Cristina. Rev. of Le Nom propre en traduction. By Michel Ballard. Hermeneus 5 (2003): 259-61.*

Ballard, Michel. Le Nom propre en traduction. Paris and Gap: Ophrys, 2001.

Baroja, Pío. "Los nombres (a los Pepes)." In Pío Baroja: Obras Completas XVI: Obra dispersa y epistolario: Textos dispersos - Páginas de autocrítica - Prólogo a textos ajenos - Artículos - Epistolario selecto. Ed. José-Carlos Mainer. Rev. Juan Carlos Ara Torralba.  Barcelona: Galaxia Gutenberg / Círculo de Lectores, 2000. 829-31.

Baudelle, Yves. "Nomination, autorité narrative et adhésion fictionnelle: Du traitement de l'onomastique dans le roman contemporain (1990-2010)." In La transmission narrative: Modalités du pacte romanesque contemporain. Ed. Frances Fortier and Andrée Mercier. Canada: Nota Bene, 2011. 25-48.*

Bolton, Leslie. 25,001 Best Baby Names. Naperville (IL): Sourcebooks, 2006.

boyd, danah. "What's In a Name?"

         http://www.danah.org/name.html

Camus, Renaud. "Dictionnaire des délicatesses du Français contemporain, article 'prénoms'." Flickr (Renaud Camus) 6 April 2020.*

         https://www.flickr.com/photos/renaud-camus/49744081822/

         2020

Clarinval, B. "Essai sur le statut linguistique du nom propre." Cahiers de lexicologie 11 (1967):

Dauzat, Albert. Les Noms de personne. Paris: Delagrave, 1925.

Derrida, Jacques.  Otobiographies: L'enseignement de Nietzsche et la politique du nom propre. Paris: Galilée, 1984. (With a preamble on "Declarations of Independence").

_____.  Sauf le nom. Paris: Galilée, 1993.

_____. On the Name. (Meridian: Crossing Aesthetics). Stanford (CA): Stanford UP.

Dutoit, Thomas, ed. On the Name. Standord (CA): Stanford (CA): Stanford UP, 1995.

Fowler, Alastair. Literary Names: Personal Names in English Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP,  2013.

Geurts, B. "Good News about the Description Theory of Names." Journal of Semantics 14 (1997): 319-348.


Grass, Thierry. Quoi! Vous voulez traduire "Goethe"? Essai sur la traductions des noms propres allemand-français. Bern: Peter Lang, 2002.

Internationaler Kongress für Namenforschung. Munich: Bayeriesche Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1961.

Jannidis, Fotis. "Das Benennen der Figur" In Jannidis, Figur und Person. Berlin: de Gruyter, 2004. 109-149.*

Lliteras, Margarita. "Clasificación de los nombres personales." In Homenaje a Gaudioso Giménez: Miscelánea de estudios lingüísticos y literarios. Ed. Túa [José Angel] Blesa and María Antonia Martín Zorraquino. Zaragoza: Institución Fernando El Católico / Departamento de Lingüística General e Hispánica, U de Zaragoza, 2003. 221-34.*

Locke, John. "III.IV. Of the Names of Simple Ideas." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

_____. "III.VI. Of the Names of Substances." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

Lotman, Iuri M., and B. A. Uspenski. "Mito, nombre y cultura." In Lotman, La Semiosfera, III: Semiótica de las artes y de la cultura. Madrid: Cátedra / Universitat de València, 2000. 143-67.*

Margolin, Uri. "Naming and Believing: Practices of the Proper Name in Narrative Fiction." Narrative 10 (2002): 107-127.

Montaigne, Michel de. "I.xlvi. De los nombres." In Montaigne, Ensayos completos. Madrid: Cátedra, 2003. 2010. 296-97.*

Moya, Virgilio. La traducción de los nombres propios. Madrid: Cátedra, 2000.

Nesselroth, Peter W. "Naming Names in Telling Tales." In Fiction Updated: Theories of Fictionality, Narratology, and Poetics. Ed. Calin Andrei Mihailescu and Walid Hamarneh. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1996. 133-43.*

Ragussis, Michael. Acts of Naming. Oxford,1986.

Reaney, P. H., and R. M. Wilson. A Dictionary of English Surnames. 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 1991.

Schork, R. J. "Significant Names in Finnegans Wake 46.20 and 371.22." James Joyce Quarterly 34.4 (Summer 1997): 505-516.

Searle, J. "Proper Names." Mind 67.266 (1958).

Unamuno, Miguel de. "La selección de los Fulánez." July 1903. In Unamuno, Ensayos. Prologue and notes by Bernardo G. de Candamo. 2 vols. 4th ed. Madrid: Aguilar, 1958. 1.487-502.* (Family names).

Wong, Hertha D. "Plains Indian Names and 'The Autobiographical Act'." In Autobiography and Postmodernism. Ed. Kathleen Ashley, Leigh Gilmore and Gerald Peters. Amherst: U of Massachusetts P, 1994. 212-39.*

 

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

 

Names.org

         https://www.names.org/

         2024

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Journals

 

 

Acta Onomastica

 

 

 

 

 

Literature

 

 

Jiménez Serrano, Marta. Los nombres propios. (Narrativa Sexto Piso). Madrid: Sexto Piso. 6th ed. c. 2022.

Mengestu, Dinaw. Todos nuestros nombres. Barcelona: Penguin Random House - Lumen.

Sánchez Rosillo, Eloy. Antes del nombre. (Marginales, 281). Barcelona: Tusquets.

Saramago, José. Todos os Nomes. Novel. 1997.

_____. Todos los nombres. Trans. Pilar del Río. Alfaguara, 1998.

_____. Todos los nombres. Trans. Pilar del Río. (Nueva Narrativa). Barcelona: RBA Coleccionables, 1999.

 

 

 

 

 

 

See also Monikers; Alias; Nicknames; Nouns.

 

 

 

 

 

Narrative. See Genres. Narrative. Narrative theory.

 

 

Nation and language

 

Clark, G. N. "Appendix: Races and Languages." In Clark, The Seventeenth Century. Oxford: Clarendon, 1929. 361-65.*

Ferguson, Charles A. "The Language Factor in National Development." In Study of the Role of Second Languages in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Ed. Frank A. Rice. Washington, D.C.: Center for Applied Linguistics, 1962.

 

 

See also Politics and language; Standard/Nonstandard language.

 

 

 

Native speakers

 

Brisset, Annie. "The Search for a Native Language: Translation and Cultural Identity." 1990, 1996. Trans. Rosalind Gill and Roger Gannon. In. The Translation Studies Reader. Ed. Lawrence Venuti. London: Routledge, 2000. 2001. 343-75.*

Codó i Olsina, Eva. "Native/Non-Native Speaker Discourse: A Construction of the Analyst?" In AEDEAN: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference (León, 16-18 de diciembre, 1999). CD-ROM. León: AEDEAN, 2003.*

Davies, Alan. "Are Native Users Native Speakers?" In Linguistic Interaction in/and Specific Discourses. Ed. Marta Conejero López, Micaela Muñoz Calvo and Beatriz Penas Ibáñez. Valencia: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2010. 149-66.*

García Mayo, María del Pilar. "Native vs. Non-Native Intuitions: Grammaticality Judgments in L1 and L2." In Fifty Years of English Studies in Spain […] Actas del XXVI Congreso de AEDEAN, ed. Ignacio Palacios et al. Santiago de Compostela: U de Santiago de Compostela, 2003. 273-79.*

Llurda, Enric. "6 - Attitudes Towards English as an International Language: The Pervasiveness of  Native Models Among L2 Users and Teachers." In English as an International Language. Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. Ed. Farzad Sharifian. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2009.

Martinet, André. "Puntos de doctrina y método en fonología." In Martinet, La lingüística sincrónica. Madrid: Gredos,  1968. 1978. 81-110.* (I. Trubetzkoy y el binarismo. II. Trubetzkoy y los fundamentos de la fonología. III. La fonología y el sentimiento lingüístico. IV. La fonología y el lenguaje infantil. V. Atenerse a la pertinencia).

Modiano, Marko. "4 - EIL, Nativespeakerism and the Failure of European ELT." In English as an International Language. Perspectives and Pedagogical Issues. Ed. Farzad Sharifian. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2009.

Sankoff, Gillian, and Suzanne Laberge. "On the Acquisition of Native Speakers by a Language." In Pidgins and Creoles. Ed. D. DeCamp and I. Hancock. Georgetown UP, 1974.

 

 

 

 

Negation

 

Adorno, Theodor W. Negative Dialektik. Frankfurt, 1966.

_____. Negative Dialectics. Trans. E. B. Ashton. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.

_____. Negative Dialectics. New York: Seabury Press, 1973.

_____. Dialéctica negativa. Madrid: Santillana-Taurus, 1992.

Aristotle. Analitica priora (Prior Analytics). (Reasoning, Propositions, Assertions, Modality, Logic, Syllogisms, Premises, Terms, Negation, Possibility, Necessity).

_____. (Aristóteles). Analíticos primeros. In Aristóteles, Tratados de lógica. Introd., trans. and notes by Miguel Candel Sanmartín. (Biblioteca Gredos). Barcelona: RBA, 2007. 337-489.* (Reasoning).

_____. (Aristóteles). Analíticos primeros. In Aristóteles, Tratados de lógica. Introds., trans. and notes by Miguel Candel Sanmartín. Barcelona: RBA, 2015. 335-486.*

_____. Posterior Analytics. (Demonstrations, Axioms, Principles, Facts, Causes, Negation, Propositions, Sensation, Reasoning, Logic, Refutation, Knowledge, Science, Opinion, Perspicacity, Definitions, Essence, Genera, Causes, Effects, Principles).

_____. (Aristóteles). Analíticos segundos. In Aristóteles, Tratados de lógica. Introd., trans. and notes by Miguel Candel Sanmartín. (Biblioteca Gredos). Barcelona: RBA, 2007.* 489-590.* (Argumentation, demonstrations, definitions).

_____. (Aristóteles). Analíticos segundos. In Aristóteles, Tratados de lógica. Introds., trans. and notes by Miguel Candel Sanmartín. Barcelona: RBA, 2015. 487-588.*

_____. Posterior Analytics. In Aristotle, Organon. Trans. H. Tredennick. (Loeb Classical Library 391). Cambridge (MA): Harvard UP, 1960.

Bachelard, Gaston. La Philosophie du non. Paris: P.U.F.

_____. The Philosophy of No. Trans. G. C. Waterson. New York, 1968.

Carciu, Oana Maria. "A Qualitative Cross-Cultural Analysis of Negation as a Critical Speech Act." In A View from the South: Contemporary English and American Studies. (34th AEDEAN International Conference). Ed. José R. Ibáñez Ibáñez and José Francisco Fernández Sánchez. CD-ROM. Almería: AEDEAN / U de Almería / Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, 2011. 314-22.*

Ekou, Williams Jacob. "Análisis contrastivo de la negación gramatical en español y en agni morofué." Hermeneus 15 (2013): 67-84.*

Hidalgo Downing, Laura. "The Function of Negation in Updating Information in Discourse: A Text World Perspective." Actas del XXI Congreso Internacional AEDEAN. Ed. F. Toda et al. Sevilla: U de Sevilla, 1999. 689-94.*

_____. Negation, Text Worlds, and Discourse: The Pragmatics of Fiction. (Advances in Discourse Processes, 66). Norwood: Ablex, 2000. (Heller, Catch-22).

Horn, Laurence R., and Yasuhiko Kato. Negation and Polarity: Syntactic and Semantic Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000.

Irigaray, Luce. "Négation et transformation négative dans le langage des schizophrènes." In Irigaray, Parler n'est jamais neutre. Paris: Minuit, 1985. 35-4.*

Jespersen, Otto. Negation in English and Other Languages. 1917.

Kim, Jong-Bok. The Grammar of Negation: A Constraint-Based Approach. (Dissertations in Linguistics). Stanford (CA): Stanford UP, 2000.

Ladusaw, William. "Configurational Expression of Negation." In Quantifiers, Logic, and Language. Ed. Jaap van der Does and Jan van Eijck. Stanford (CA): CSLI Publications, 1996. 203-23. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara. "Conceptualization of Negative Senses." In AEDEAN Select Papers in Language, Literature and Culture: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference. [U of Córdoba, 1993]. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra. Vigo: AEDEAN, 2000. 59-68.*

López Lorca, Hortensia. "La frase negativa en la película Astérix en los Juegos Olímpicos." Contextos Educativos 18 (2015): 129-41.*

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. Cambio semántico y competencia gramatical. (Lingüística Iberoamericana, 33). Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt a/M: Vervuert, 2009.*

Ricœur, Paul. "Qu'est-ce que la négativité?" In Ricœur, De l'interprétation. Paris: Seuil, 1965. (Points). 1995. 328-34.*

Tottie, Gunnel. Negation in English Speech and Writing: A Study in Variation. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.

Wason, P. C., and P. N. Johnson-Laird. "2. La negación: Fenómenos básicos." In Wason and Johnson-Laird, Psicología del razonamiento. Madrid: Debate, 1981. 27-42.*

_____. "3. La negación: El factor emocional." In Wason and Johnson-Laird, Psicología del razonamiento. Madrid: Debate, 1981. 43-54.*

_____. "4. La negación: El efecto del contexto." In Wason and Johnson-Laird, Psicología del razonamiento. Madrid: Debate, 1981. 55-66.*

_____. "5. La negación en el razonamiento proposicional." In Wason and Johnson-Laird, Psicología del razonamiento. Madrid: Debate, 1981. 67-82.*

 

 

 

 

Negativity

 

Adorno, T. A. Negative Dialektik. Frankfurt a/M: Suhrkamp, 1966.

_____. Negative Dialectics. Trans. E. B. Ashton. London, 1973.

_____. Negative Dialectics. New York: Seabury Press, 1973.

Caygill, Howard. "Shakespeare's Monster of Nothing." In Philosophical Shakespeares. Ed. John Joughin. London: Routledge, 2000. 105-14.* (Negativity, nothingness).

Iser, Wolfgang. "The Pattern of Negativity in Beckett's Prose." In Iser, Prospecting: From Reader Response to Literary Anthropology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1989. Pbk. 1993. 140-51.*

Kant, Immanuel. Versuch, den Begriff der negativen Grosse in die Weltweisheit Enzuführen. 1763.

Mejía, Emmanuel. "La negatividad en Hegel y la Kehre heideggeriana." In Hans-Georg Gadamer: El lógos de la era hermenéutica. Ed. Teresa Oñate y Zubía, Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz, and Cristina García Santos. Special issue of Endoxa (Series Filosóficas, no. 20). Madrid: UNED, Facultad de Filosofía, 2005. 757-71.

Petit, Laurence. (Woman, U Paul Valéry-Montpellier 3). "'Specters of Kath': Negatives and Negativity in Penelope Lively's The Photograph." Narrative 18.2 (May 2010): 220-28.*

Steiner, George. "The Wound of Negativity: Two Kierkegaard Texts." In Kierkegaard: A Critical Reader. Ed. Jonathan Rée and Jane Chamberlain. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998. 103-13.*

 

 

 

Neologisms

 

Ayton, John. "Newspapers and Neologisms." In New Media Language. Ed. Jean Aitchison and Diana M. Lewis. Abingdon and New York: Routledge, 2003. 182-86.*

Bertrand, Olivier. "Construction du sens et néologie lexicale: de la création du lexème à la mise en phrase du mot dans les traductions politiques du XIVe siècle." In Représentations du sens linguistique. Ed. D. Lagorgette and P. Larrivée. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Borges, Jorge Luis. "Joyce y los neologismos." Sur 9.62 (Nov. 1939). Rpt. in Páginas de Jorge Luis Borges seleccionadas por el autor (Buenos Aires: Celtia, 1982) and in Ficcionario (Mexico: FCE, 1985). From Borges en Sur (1931-1980). Rpt. in Borges, Miscelánea. Barcelona: Random House Mondadori-DeBols!llo, 2011. 529-31.*

Carda Morón, Lydia. "Borrowings and Neologisms: Their Implications for Medical Nomenclature." In First International Conference on English Studies: Past, Present and Future: Costa de Almería, 19-25 de Octubre, 1997. Ed. Annette Gomis et al. CD-ROM. Almería: U de Almería, n.d. [2001]*

Chekhov, Anton (Antón P. Chéjov). "3000 vocablos extranjeros incorporados a la lengua rusa." 1883. In Chéjov, Cuentos completos (1880-1885). Ed. Paul Viejo. 3rd ed. Madrid: Páginas de Espuma, 2014. 601-2.*

Miguel, Amando de. "N. Niveles y neologismos." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 103-107.*

_____. "Los caprichos del lenguaje." Libertad Digital 18 Sept. 2019.*

https://www.libertaddigital.com/cultura/2019-09-18/amando-de-miguel-los-caprichos-del-lenguaje-88751/

         2019

Stockwell, Peter. The Poetics of Science Fiction. (Textual Explorations, 3). Harlow: Pearson Education-Longman, 2000.*

 

 

See also Word formation; Anglicisms.

 

 

 

 

Neuterality

 

Ojeda, Almerindo. "On Conceptional Neuterality." In Linguistic Individuals. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 1991. 161-83.

_____. "On Conceptional Neuterality." In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume III: Noun Phrase Classes. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

Nominalization

 

Chomsky, Noam. "Remarks on Nominalization." In Readings in English Transformational Grammar. Ed. R. Jacobs and P. Rosenbaum. Waltham (MA): Ginn, 1970. 184-221. Spanish trans. in Semántica y sintaxis en la Lingüística Transformatoria. Ed. V. Sánchez de Zavala. Madrid: Alianza, 1974.

Heyvaert, Liesbet. "Non-agentive Deverbal -er Nominalization in English and Dutch: A Contrastive Analysis." Languages in Contrast 1.2 (1998): 211-44.

Mairal, R., and F. Cortés. "Semantic Packaging and Syntactic Projections in Word Formation Processes: The Case of Agent Nominalizations." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 14 (2000-2001, issued 2002): 271-94.

 

 

 

 

Nominals

 

Casado Velarde, Manuel. "La transformación nominal, un rasgo de estilo de la lengua periodística." Cuadernos de Investigación: Filología 4.1/2 (1976): 101-12.*

Lebeaux, D. "The Interpretation of Derived Nominals." Chicago Linguistic Society 22 (1986): 231-247.

Levi, J. The Syntax and Semantics of Complex Nominals. Academic Press, 1978.

Martín Arista, Javier. "Los Compuestos Nominales en el Componente de Expresión: Implicaciones para una Sintaxis Funcional." Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica 23-4 (1997-8): 17-32.

Murasugi, K. G. "The Derivation of Derived Nominals." Manuscript. Cambridge (MA): MIT, 1990.

 

See also Nouns; Noun phrase.

 

 

 

Nonnative speakers

 

Bond, Z. S., Verna Stockmal, and Danny R. Moates. "Searching for Foreign Accent." VIAL: Vigo International Journal of Applied Linguistics  0 (2003): 13-24.*

Cebrián, Juli. "Talker and Context Effects in Native and non-Native Perception." In Actas XXVIII Congreso Internacional / International Conference AEDEAN. CD-ROM. Valencia: U de València, 2005.*

García Mayo, María del Pilar. "Native vs. Non-Native Intuitions: Grammaticality Judgments in L1 and L2." In Fifty Years of English Studies in Spain […] Actas del XXVI Congreso de AEDEAN, ed. Ignacio Palacios et al. Santiago de Compostela: U de Santiago de Compostela, 2003. 273-79.*

Lázaro Gutiérrez, Raquel. "Institutional Discourse Analysis Applied to Medical Consultations in NS-NNSs Encounters." In Actas XXVIII Congreso Internacional / International Conference AEDEAN. CD-ROM. Valencia: U de València, 2005.*

McDonough, K., and A. Mackey, eds. Second Language Interaction in Diverse Educational Contexts. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2013.

Llurda, Enric, ed. Non-Native Language Teachers: Perceptions, Challenges and Contributions to the Profession. New York: Springer, 2005.

Woken, M. and J. M. Swales. "Expertise and Authority in Native-Nonnative Conversations: The Need for a Variable Account." In Variation in Second Language Acquisition: Discourse and Pragmatics. Ed. S. M. Gass, C. G. Madden, D. R. Preston and L. Selinker. Clevedon (Avon): Multilingual Matters, 1989. 211-27.

 

See also Second language acquisition; Native speakers.

 

 

 

 

 

Normativity. See Standard language.

 

 

 

Nouns

 

Bach, Emmon. "Nouns and Noun Phrases." In Universals in Linguistic Theory. Ed. Emmon Bach and Robert T. Harms. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968.

Chapman, Siobhan. "Words and Things." In Chapman, Philosophy for Linguists: An Introduction. London: Routledge, 2000. 8-40.* (reference, names, meaning, use and mention)

Espy, W. R. O Thou Improper, Thou Uncommon Noun. Potter, 1978.

Hobbes, Thomas. "II. Los nombres." In Hobbes, El cuerpo: Primera sección de los Elementos de Filosofía. Ed. and trans. Bartomeu Forteza. Valencia: Pre-Textos, 2010. 179-94.*

Martinet, André. "Las estructuras elementales del enunciado." In Martinet, La lingüística sincrónica. Madrid: Gredos,  1968. 1978. 193-226.* (I. Reflexiones sobre el problema de la oposición verbal-nominal. II. La construcción ergativa. III. Reflexiones sobre la frase).

Senft, Gunter. Systems of Nominal Classification. (Language Culture and Cognition, 4). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Voeikova, Maria D., and Wolfgang U. Dressler, eds. Pre- and Protomorphology: Early Phases of Morphological Development in Nouns and Verbs. Ed. assist. Katherina Korecky-Kroell. (Lincom Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 29). Munich: Lincom Europa, c. 2002.

 

 

See also Nominals; Names; Noun phrase.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Number

 

Stephany, Ursula. "Early Development of Grammatical Number: A Typological Perspective." In Pre- and Protomorphology: Early Phases of Morphological Development in Nouns and Verbs. Ed. Maria D. Voeikova and W. U. Dressler. Munich: Lincom Europa, c. 2002.

 

 

 

Object

 

Cornips, Leonie, and Aafke Hulk. "Affected Objects in Heerlen Dutch and Romance." Languages in Contrast 1.2 (1998): 191-210.

Dixon, R. "Subject and Object in Universal Grammar." In Essays on Grammatical Theory and Universal Grammar. Ed. D. Arnold et al. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. 91-118.

Martínez Vázquez, Montserrat. "Effected Objects in English and Spanish." Languages in Contrast 1.2 (1998): 245ff.

Siewierska, Anna. "Languages With and Without Objects: The Functional Grammar Approach." Languages in Contrast 1.2 (1998): 173-90.

 

 

 

 

Official language. See Linguistic policy.

 

Omitted structures

 

Schwabe, Kerstin, and Susanne Winkler, eds. The Interfaces: Deriving and Interpreting Omitted Structures. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 61). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

 

 

 

 

Operators

 

Gutiérrez-Rexach, Javier, ed. Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

Opposites

 

Kennedy, Christopher. "Comparison and Polar Opposition." In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 5. Ithaca (NY): CLC Publications, Cornell U, 1997. 240-57. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

See also Polarity.

 

 

 

 

Optimality Theory. See Structural linguistics.

 

 

Orality

 

Erzgräber, W., and S. Volk, eds. Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im englischen Mittelalter. Tübingen: Narr, 1988.

"El carácter oral de Le Bâtard de Bouillon." Humanities Commons 28 Nov. 2017.*

         https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:16595/

         http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6T23D

García Ureña, Lourdes. "The Book of Revelation: A Written Text towards the Oral Performance." In Between Orality and Literacy: Communication and Adaptation in Antiquity. Ed. Ruth Scodel. (Orality and Literacy in the Ancient World, 10). Leiden: Brill, 2014. 309-30.* Online at Google Books

         http://books.google.es/books?id=n0z3AwAAQBAJ

         2014

Gibert, Teresa. "Written Orality in Thomas King's Short Fiction." Journal of the Short Story in English 47 (Autumn 2006): 97-109.

         http://jsse.revues.org/index792.html

         2010

Olmos, Miguel Ángel. "Oralidad y escritura." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 436-38.*

Ong, Walter. Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word. London: Methuen, 1982.

Leed, Eric. "'Voice' and 'Print': Master Symbols in the History of Communication." In The Myths of Information: Technology and Post-Industrial Culture. Ed. Kathleen Woodward. Madison (WI): Coda, 1980. 41-61.

Pérez-Paredes, Pascual, Purificación Sánchez, Pilar Aguado and Raquel Criado. "Aportaciones recientes al estudio de la oralidad." In Actas del V Congreso Internacional AELFE (Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos) / Proceedings of the 5th International AELFE Conference). Ed. Mª Carmen Pérez-Llantada Auría, Ramón Plo Alastrué and Claus Peter Neumann. CD-ROM. Zaragoza: AELFE / Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2005. 103-08.*

Scodel, Ruth, ed. Between Orality and Literacy: Communication and Adaptation in Antiquity. (Orality and Literacy in the Ancient World, 10). Leiden: Brill, 2014. Online at Google Books

         http://books.google.es/books?id=n0z3AwAAQBAJ

         2014

Sell, Roger D. Literature as Communication: The Foundations of Mediating Criticism. (Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 78). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000.*

Sieben Jahre Sonderforschungbericht 321: "Ubergänge und Spannungsfelder zwischen Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit'. Eine Zwischenbilanz 1. Juli 1985-30. Juni 1992. Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgrau.

Tannen, Deborah. "A Comparative Analysis of Oral Narrative Strategies: Athenian Greek and American English." In The Pear Stories. Ed. Wallace Chafe. Norwood: Ablex, 1982. 51-87.

_____. "Oral and Literate Strategies in Spoken and Written Narrative." Language 58.1 (1982): 1-21.

_____. "The Oral/Literate Continuum in Discourse." In Spoken and Written Language. Ed. Deborah Tannen. (Advances in Discourse Processes, 9). Norwood: Ablex, 1982. 1-16.

_____, ed. Spoken and Written Language: Exploring Orality and Literacy. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1982.

 

 

 

Series

 

 

(Orality and Literacy in the Ancient World, 10). Leiden: Brill, 2014.

 

 

 

 

Video

 

 

Porroche Ballesteros, Margarita. "Mira por dónde: La oralidad en las columnas de opinión." Lecture at Zaragoza Lingüística. YouTube (Filosofía y Letras Zaragoza) 31 Oct. 2014.*

         http://youtu.be/kWbDvspfxT8

         2014

 

 

 

 

 

See also Oral literature; Oral and conversational narrative; Conversation; Speech.

 

 

 

 

Ordinary language

 

Caton, C. E., ed. Philosophy and Ordinary Language. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1963.

Fish, Stanley. "How Ordinary is Ordinary Language?" New Literary History 5 (1973).

_____. "How Ordinary is Ordinary Language?" In Language, Logic, and Genre, ed. Wallace Martin. Lewisburg: Bucknell UP, 1974.

_____. "How Ordinary is Ordinary Language?" In Fish, Is There a Text in This Class? 97-111.*

Wimmer, Rainer,. ed. Sprachtheorie: Der Sprachbegriff in Wissenschaft und Alltag. Jahrbuch 1986 des Instituts für deutsche Sprache. (Sprache der Gegenwart 71). Düsseldorf: Schwann, 1987.

 

 

See also Literal language.

 

 

Organs of speech

 

Laitman, J. T. "The Anatomy of Human Speech." Natural History (August 1984): 20-27.

 

 

 

 

Orthography

 

Miguel, Amando de. "H. **Hortografía." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 59-64.*

 

See also Spelling.

 

 

 

 

Overhearing

 

García Landa, José Ángel. "Overhearing Narrative." Paper read at the VI Conference of the European Society for the Study of English (ESSE), "Narratology" panel (Strasbourg, Aug. 30 –Sept 2, 2002).

_____. "Overhearing Narrative." In The Dynamics of Narrative Form: Studies in Anglo-American Narratology. Ed. John Pier. (Narratologia: Contributions to Narrative Theory / Beiträge zur Erzähltheorie, 4). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2004. 191-214.*

http://www.degruyter.com/rs/bookSingle.cfm?id=IS-3110183145-1&fg=LI&l=E

_____. "Overhearing Narrative." In The Dynamics of Narrative Form (Google Preview Wizard). In García Landa, Vanity Fea 15 Oct. 2008.

         http://garciala.blogia.com/2008/101501-the-dynamics-of-narrative-form.php

         2008

_____. "Overhearing Narrative." iPaper at Academia.edu 30 June 2011.*

         https://www.academia.edu/705948/Overhearing_Narrative

         2015

_____. "Overhearing Narrative." Online PDF at Social Science Research Network 2 July 2011.*

         http://ssrn.com/abstract=1876084

         2011

         Cognition and the Arts eJournal 2 July 2011.*

http://www.ssrn.com/link/Cognition-Arts.html

         2013

         Literary Theory and Criticism eJournal 2 July 2011.*

http://www.ssrn.com/link/English-Lit-Theory-Criticism.html

         2012

         Aesthetics & Philosophy of Art eJournal 2 July 2011.*

         http://www.ssrn.com/link/Aesthetics-Philosophy-Art.html

         2013

_____. "Overhearing Narrative." ResearchGate 3 May 2013.*

         https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228174569

         2013

Goffman, Erving. Forms of Talk. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1981.*

_____. Forms of Talk. Oxford: Blackwell, 1981.

_____. Façons de parler. Trans. Alain Kihm. (Le sens commun). Paris: Minuit, 1987.

 

 

 

 

Paleography

 

Arribas Arranz, F. Láminas de Paleografía. Valladolid, 1944.

Calle Martín, Javier, and Antonio Miranda García. "Editing Middle English Punctuation. Tha Case of MS Egerton 2622 (ff.136-52)."  In Editing Middle English in the 21st Century: Old Texts, New Approaches. Ed. Nila Vázquez and Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre. Monograph issue of IJES 5.2 (2005): 27-44.* (palaeography, ms. arithmetical treatise, British Library).

Canellas, A. Exempla Scripturarum Latinarum in usum scholarum. Pars Prior / Pars altera. Zaragoza, 1974.

Floriano, A. Curso general de Paleografía y Diplomática Española. Oviedo, 1946.

Mateu Ibars, J. Colectánea paleográfica de la Corona de Aragón. Barcelona, 1980.

Mateu Ibars, J., and Lapesa Molina, E. Paleografía de Andalucía oriental. Granada, 1977.

Millares, Carlo A. Tratado de Paleografía española. Barcelona, 1983.

San Vicente, Ángel. La recepción de ciencias documentales Paleografía, Diplomática y Bibliología en la Real Academia Española (1726-1739). Zaragoza: Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de Zaragoza, Editio Emerita, 1980.*

Zozaya-Montes, Leonor. "NTIC e innovación docente: juegos en soporte digital para complementar el aprendizaje paleografía." In Humanidades Digitales españolas: Innovación, globalización e impacto. Special issue of  Humanidades Digitales 1 (2016): 150-80.*

         http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/RHD/article/view/17072

         2021

 

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

Commission of Paleography and Codicology of Medieval Manuscripts, Austria. http://www.oeaw.ac.at/~ksbm/ (Autumn 1996).

 

See also Manuscripts.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Paragraphs

 

Becker, A. L. "A Tagmemic Approach to Paragraph Analysis." College Composition and Communication 16 (1965): 2-11.

Giora, M. "Functional Paragraph Perspective." In Micro and Macro Connexity of Texts. Eds. J. S. Petöfi, and E. Sözer. Hamburg: Buske, 1983. 153-82.

Gozalo Sáinz, Mª Jesús. "El párrafo: Unidad básica de aprendizaje del discurso escrito de EST." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 6 (1990): 167-72.*

Hatim, Basil. "6. The Paragraph as a Unit of Text Structure." In Hatim, Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text Linguistics. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 1997. Rpt. 2000. 54-64.*

Hodel, Robert.  "Absatzstrucktur und Satzbau." In Hodel, Lehmann, et al., Textkohärenz und Narration: Untersuchungen russischer Texte des Realismus und der Moderne. (Narratologia, 15). Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter, 2008. 43-74.*

Longacre, R. E. "The Paragraph as a Grammatical Unit." In Discourse and Syntax. Ed. T. Givón. (Syntax and Semantics, 12). New York: Academic Press, 1979. 115-54.

Miles, J. "Contribution to the 'Symposium on the Paragraph'." College Composition and Communication 17.2 (1966): 80-82.

Olivares, Carmen. "El párrafo: estructura y función." Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica 8.1-2 (1982): 17-37.*

Watt, Ian.  "The First Paragraph of The Ambassadors:  An Explication." Essays in Criticism 10 (1960): 254-68.  Rev. version in The Ambassadors,  Norton Critical Edition, ed. S. P. Rosenbaum, 468-81, and in Twentieth Century Interpretations of  The Ambassadors. Ed. A. E. Stone, Jr. Englewood Cliffs (NJ), 1969. 75-87.

 

 

 

 

Paremia

 

Olmos, Paula. "Paremia." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 445-48.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Parentheticals

 

Schneider, Stefan. "Pragmatic Functions of Spanish Parenthetical Verbs." In Current Trends in Intercultural, Cognitive and Social Pragmatics. Ed. Pilar Garcés et al. Sevilla: Research Group "Intercultural Pragmatic Studies", Universidad de Sevilla, 2004. 37-52.*

 

 

 

 

Particles

 

Locke, John. "III.VII. Of Particles." In Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Ed. John W. Yolton. 2 vols. London: Dent; New York: Dutton, 1961.*

Östman, Jan-Ola. "The Symbiotic Relationship between Pragmatic Particles and Impromptu Speech." In Impromptu Speech: A Symposium. Ed. Nils Erik Enkvist. Åbo: Research Institute of the Åbo Akademi Foundation, 1982. 147-77.

_____. "Pragmatic Particles Twenty Years After." In Organization in Discourse: Proceedings from the Turku Conference. Ed. Brita Wårwik, Sanna-Kaisa Tanskanaen and Risto Hiltunen. (Anglicana Turkuensia, 14). Turku: U of Turku, 1995. 95-108.

 

 

 

 

 

Partitives

 

Chierchia, Gennaro. "Partitives, Reference to Kinds and Semantic Variation." In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 4. Ithaca, NY: CLC Publications, Cornell U, 1997. 73-98. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume III: Noun Phrase Classes. London: Routledge, 2003.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Passive

 

Dimitrova-Vulchanova, Mila. Verb Semantics, Diathesis and Aspect. (Lincom Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 8). Munich: Lincom Europa.

Doherty, M. "Passive Perspectives; Different Preferences in English and German: A Result of Parameterized Processing." Linguistics 34.3 (1996): 591-643.

Frajzyngier, Z. "Indefinite Agent, Passive and Impersonal Passive: A Functional Study." Lingua 58 (1982): 267-90.

Keenan, Edward L. "Some Universals of Passive in Relational Grammar." Papers from the XIth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: University of Chicago, Chicago Linguistic Society, 1975.

_____. "Passive in the World's Language." In Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Ed. T. Shopen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985 243-81.

Kholodovich, A. A., ed. Typology of Passive Constructions. Leningrad: Nauka, 1974.

Langacker, R. W. and P. Munro. "Passives and their Meaning." Language 51.4 (1975): 789-830.

Marín Arrese, Juana. "Cognitive and Discourse-Pragmatic Factors in Passivisation." Atlantis 19.1 (June 1997 [issued February 1999]): 203-18.*

Quereda, L. "El problema de la selección en la lingüística de contrastes. Distintas aproximaciones al estudio de la voz pasiva en inglés y español." Actas del I Congreso de AESLA. Universidad de Murcia, 1983. 193-210.

Shibatani, M. "Passives and Related Constructions: A Prototype Analysis." Language 61.4 (1985): 821-48.

Sinha, A. K. "How Passives are Passives." Papers from the 10th Regional Meeting Chicago Linguistic Society. 1974. 631-42.

Siewierska, A. The Passive: A Comparative Linguistic Analysis. London: Croom Helm, 1984.

Stanley, J. P. "Passive Motivation." Foundations of Language 13 (1975): 25-39.

Stein, G. Studies in the Function of the Passive. Tübingen: Narr, 1979.

Van Valin, R. D. "On the Distribution of Passive and Antipassive Constructions in Universal Grammar." Lingua 50 (1980): 303-27.

 

 

 

 

Perception of language

 

Liberman, A. M. "Some Results of Research on Speech Perception." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 29 (1957).

_____. Intonation, Perception and Language. (MIT Research Monograph 38). Cambridge (MA): MIT, 1967.

 

See also Phonetics; Understanding.

 

 

 

Performatives. See Pragmatics. Speech acts. Performatives.

 

 

 

Person

 

Becker, A. L., and I. Gusti Ngurah Oka. "Person in Kawi: Exploration of an Elementary Semantic Dimension." Oceanic Linguistics 13 (1974): 229-55.

García Landa, José Ángel. "Personne: Aventuras de 'yo' en la trilogía de Beckett." Stvdia Patriciae Shaw oblata. Vol. 1. Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo, 1991. 230-42.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Phrases, Phraseology

 

Aguado de Cea, Guadalupe. "A Multiperspective Approach to Specialized Phraseology: Internet as a Reference Corpus for Phraseology." In The Texture of Internet: Netlinguistics in Progress. Ed. Santiago Posteguillo, María José Esteve and M. Lluïsa Gea-Valor. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007. 182-207.*

Hilly-Mane, Geneviève. "Du mot à la phrase: manièrismes lexicaux, morphologiques et syntaxiques." In Hily-Mane, Le style de Ernest Hemingway. Paris: PUF, 1983. 163-97.*

Sechehaye, Albert. Essai sur la structure logique de la phrase. (Collection Linguistique publiée para la Société Linguistique de Paris, XX). Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, Éditeur - Edouard Champion,1950. Online at ENS de Lyon (Corpus de Textes Linguistiques Fondamentaux).*

         http://ctlf.ens-lyon.fr/volumes/5318_fra_Sechehaye_01_1926.pdf

         2024

 

 

 

See also Idioms; Collocations.

 

 

 

 

Place adjuncts

 

Crego García, María Victorina. "Procesos metafóricos y traslaciones funcionales en las estructuras locativas." Analecta Malacitana 19.2 (1996): 455-68.*

 

 

 

 

Place names

 

Morenz, Ludwig. "Descubren en una roca el topónimo más antiguo de la historia." 20 Minutos 6 Dec. 2020.* (Assouan).

https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/4502234/0/descubren-roca-toponimo-mas-antiguo-historia/

         2020

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Poetic function

 

Jakobson, Roman "Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics." In Style in Language. Ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. London: M.I.T. Press, 1960. 350-77.*

_____ . "Linguistics and Poetics." In The Structuralists: From Marx to Lévi-Strauss. Ed. Richard and Fernande de George. Garden City (NJ): Doubleday, 1972.

_____. "Linguistics and Poetics." 1960. In Selected Writings, vol 3: Grammar of Poetry and Poetry of Grammar. The Hague: Mouton, 1981.

_____. "Linguistics and Poetics." In Language in Literature. Ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rudy. Cambridge (MA): Harvard UP, 1987.

_____. "Linguistics and Poetics." Select. in Twentieth-Century Literary Theory. Ed. K. M. Newton. London: Macmillan, 1988. 119-24.

_____. "Linguistics and Poetics." In Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader. Ed. David Lodge. London: Longman, 1988. 31-56.*

_____. "Linguistics and Poetics." In The Discourse Reader. Ed. Adam Jaworski and Nikolas Coupland. London: Routledge, 1999. 54-62.*

_____. "Linguistics and Poetics." In Semiotics. Ed. Karin Boklund-Lagopoulou, Alexandros Lagopoulos and Mark Gottdiener. London: SAGE, 2002. Vol. 1.

_____. Lingüística y poética. Trans. Ana Mª Gutiérrez-Cabello. Madrid: Cátedra, 1981.*

Lázaro Carreter, F. "¿Es poética la función poética?" Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 24.1 (1975): 1-12.

Prado, Javier del. Teoría y práctica de la función poética: Poesía del siglo XX. Madrid, 1993.

 

 

See also Poetry; Poetic language.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Polarity

 

Fauconnier, Gilles. "Polarity and the Scale Principle." In Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistics Society 11 (1975): 188-99. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

Kadmon, Nirit, and Fred Landman. "Polarity Sensitive Any and Free Choice Any." In Proceedings of the Seventh Amsterdam Colloquium. Ed. Martin Stokhof and Leen Torenvliet. Amsterdam: ILLC, U of Amsterdam, 1989. 227-52. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume V: Operators and Sentence Types. London: Routledge, 2003.

Lloyd, G. E. R. Polarity and Analogy: Two Types of Argumentation in Early Greek Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1966.

 

 

 

 

Polyglots

 

Jurado Spruch, Mª Adelaida. "New Proposals for Modularity: The Case of a Polyglot savant." Actas del XXI Congreso Internacional AEDEAN. Ed. F. Toda et al. Sevilla: U de Sevilla, 1999. 545-50.*

 

See also Multilingualism.

 

 

 

Polysemy

 

Anderson, R. C., and Andrew Ortony. "On Putting Apples into a Bottle: A Problem of Polysemy." Cognitive Psychology 7 (1975): 167-80.

Caballero Rodríguez, Mª del Rosario, "The Strategic Use of Polysemy and Intertextuality in Titles." In AEDEAN: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference (León, 16-18 de diciembre, 1999). CD-ROM. León: AEDEAN, 2003.*

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. "Sentido plural, connotación y polisemia. Estudio teórico general y aplicación lingüística a Flor de Santidad." Analecta Malacitana 31.2 (2008): 445-75.

_____. Cambio semántico y competencia gramatical. (Lingüística Iberoamericana, 33). Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt a/M: Vervuert, 2009.*

Verdaguer, Isabel, and Anna Poch. "The Interaction of Polysemy and Complementation: A Case Study." SEDERI VII. Ed. S. G. Fernández-Corugedo et al. Coruña: SEDERI, 1996. 73-78.*

 

 

See also Homonymy; Puns.

 

 

 

Polysyllables

 

Miguel, Amando de. "P. Polisilabismo." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 119-22.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Possessives

 

Coene, M., and Yves D'hulst. From NP to DP. Vol. 1: The Syntax and Semantics of Noun Phrases. Vol. 2.: The Expression of Possession in Noun Phrases. (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today, 55, 56). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002. (Generative).

Heine, Bernd. Possession: Cognitive Sources, Forces and Grammaticalization. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, 83). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.

Lyons, John. "8. Grammatical Functions." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 334-99.* (Subject, Predicate and Adjunct – Transitivity and Ergativity – Voice – Existential, Locative and Possessive Constructions).

Nieuwenhuijsen, Dorien. "La posesión inalienable en español y su traducción en varias lenguas germánicas y románicas: una comparación." Hermeneus 10 (2008): 139-65.*

Schøsler, Lene. "Je le pince au nez-Je lui pince le nez-je pince son nez-Jean lève la main. La possesion inaliénable: perspectives synchroniques et diachroniques." In Représentations du sens linguistique. Ed. D. Lagorgette and P. Larrivée. Munich: Lincom Europa.

 

 

 

 

Power and language

 

Bourdieu, Pierre. Language and Symbolic Power. Ed. and introd. John B. Thompson. Trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson. Cambridge: Polity Press / Blackwell, 1991. Pbk. 1992. 1994.*

Fernández Álvarez, Mª Pilar. "Sobre el poder de la palabra en las leyes medievales noruego-islandesas." In Mvnvs qvaesitvm meritis: Homenaje a Carmen Codoñer. Ed. Gregorio Hinojo Andrés and José Carlos Fernández Corte. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2007. 301- 9.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prepositional phrases

 

Brdar-Szabó, Rita, and Mario Brdar. "Referential Metonymy Across Languages: What Can Cognitive Linguistics and Contrastive Linguistics Learn from Each Other?" In Contrastive Cognitive Linguistics. Ed. Javier Valenzuela and Ana Rojo. Monograph issue of IJES 3.2 (2003): 85-105.* (topic, metonymy, contrastive analysis, prepositional phrase).

Navarro i Ferrando, Ignasi. "Mental Spaces and the Understanding of Prepositional Phrases." In The Pragmatics of Understanding and Misunderstanding. Ed. Beatriz Penas. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza, 1998. 139-46.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Prepositions

 

Benítez Pérez, Pedro, and José Simón Granada. "Adquisición de la preposición en la primera y segunda lengua." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 6 (1990): 139-48.*

Brøndal, Viggo. Théorie des prépositions. 1950.

Gavron, J. M. "Situations and Prepositions." Linguistics and Philosophy 9 (1986): 327-82.

 

 

 

Private languages

 

Baker, G. P. "The Private Language Argument." Language & Communication 18 (1998): 325-56.

Kohlberg, Lawrence, Judy Yaeger, and Elsie Hjertholm. "Private Speech: Four Studies and a Review of Theories." Child Development 39 (1968): 691-736.

 

 

 

Processes

 

Arús, Jorge, and Julia Lavid. "The Grammar of Relational Processes in English and Spanish: Implications for Machine-aided Translation and Multilingual Generation." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad Complutense 9 (2001).

Linhares-Dias, Rui. "6. Aktionsart." In Linhares-Dias, How to Show Things with Words: A Study on Logic, Language and Literature. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2006. 257-94.* (Aspect, entailment, events, processes).

 

 

 

 

Processing of language

 

Fernández, Eva M. Bilingual Sentence Processing: Relative Clause Attachment in English and Spanish. Book and CD-ROM. (Language Acquisition and Language Disorders, 29). Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2002.

 

See also Understanding.

 

 

 

 

Productivity (linguistic, grammatical)

 

Vea Escarza, Raquel. "The Recursive Formation of Old English Non-Verbal Categories, Productivity and Constraints."  Journal of English Studies 13 (2015): 157-73.*

 

 

 

 

 

Profanity. See Taboo language.

 

 

 

 

 

Propositions. See Logic. Other logic.

 

 

 

Prototypes

 

Fernández Jaén, Jorge. "Prototypes, Meanings, and Motion: Cognitive Evolution of Spanish Acostarse." In Cognitive Linguistics: From Words to Discourse. Ed. Javier Valenzuela et al. Monograph issue of IJES: International Journal of English Studies 7.1 (2007): 1-15.* (Diachronic semantics, cognitive linguistics, theory of prototypes).

Taylor, John R. Linguistic Categorization: Prototypes In Linguistic Theory. Oxford: Clarendon, 1989. 1995.

Tsohatzidis, S. L., ed. Meanings and Prototypes. Routledge, 1990.

 

 

 

See also Cognitive linguistics; Meaning; Semantics; Categories.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Punctuation

 

Calle Martín, Javier, and Antonio Miranda García. "Editing Middle English Punctuation. Tha Case of MS Egerton 2622 (ff.136-52)."  In Editing Middle English in the 21st Century: Old Texts, New Approaches. Ed. Nila Vázquez and Juan Camilo Conde-Silvestre. Monograph issue of IJES 5.2 (2005): 27-44.* (palaeography, ms. arithmetical treatise, British Library).

Jones, Daniel. "The Hyphen as a Phonetic Sign." Zeitschrift für Phonetik 9 (1955).

Gordon, Ian. Punctuation. London: Longman.

Miguel, Amando de. "G. Guioncillos." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 55-57.*

Peck, John, and Martin Coyle. The Student's Guide to Writing: Spelling, Punctuation and Grammar. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1999.

Poe, Edgar Allan. "Punctuation." In Poe, Poems and Essays. London: Dent, 1987. 308-9.*

Ree, Jonathan. "Funny Voices: Stories, 'Punctuation' and Personal Identity." New Literary History 21 (1990).

Simpson, Percy. Shakespearean Punctuation. 1911.

Thomas, Lewis. "Notes on Punctuation." From The Medusa and the Snail: More Notes of a Biology Watcher. 1979. In The Norton Reader. 8th ed. New York: Norton, 1992. 249-52.

 

 

 

Internet resources

 

 

"Punctuation." Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.

         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punctuation

         2012

 

 

 

Race

 

Baugh, John. "Language and Race." In Linguistics: The Cambridge Survey. Ed. F. J. Newmeyer. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988. Vol. 4.

_____. "Lenguaje y raza: implicaciones para la teoría lingüística." In Panorama de la lingüística moderna de la Universidad de Cambridge. Vol. IV: El lenguaje: Contexto socio-cultural. Ed.Frederick J. Newmeyer. Madrid: Visor, 1990.

 

 

 

 

Reality, language and

 

García Landa, José Ángel. "La caverna del cerebro: El lenguaje como realidad virtual." In García Landa, Vanity Fea  31 Aug. 2009.* (Kenneally, origin of language, Terrence Deacon, Julian Jaynes).

         http://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2009/08/la-caverna-del-cerebro-y-el-lenguaje.html

         2009

 

 

See also Reality.

 

 

 

Reconstruction

 

Fox, Anthony. Linguistic Reconstruction: An Introduction to Theory and Method. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995.

 

 

 

Reduplication

 

Abbi, Anvita. Reduplication in South Asian Languages: An Areal, Typological and Historical Study. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1992.

Marantz, A. P. "Re Reduplication." Linguistic Inquiry 13 (1982): 435-82.

Schuhmacher, W. Wilfried. Rev. of Reduplication in South Asian Languages. By Anvita Abbi. Word 45.3 (Dec. 1994): 362-63.*

 

 

 

Reference. See Semiotics. Other semiotic categories.

 

 

Reflexive pronouns

 

Yuan, B. "Second Language Acquisition of Reflexives Revisited." Language 70 (1994): 532-45.

 

 

Reflexivity in language. See Metalanguage; Reflexivity.

 

 

 

Reforming Language

 

Unamuno, Miguel de. "Acerca de la reforma de la ortografía española." Dec. 1896. In Unamuno, Ensayos. Prologue and notes by Bernardo G. de Candamo. 2 vols. 4th ed. Madrid: Aguilar, 1958. 1.209-26.*

_____. "La reforma del castellano (Prólogo de un libro en prena)." July 1901. In Unamuno, Ensayos. Prologue and notes by Bernardo G. de Candamo. 2 vols. 4th ed. Madrid: Aguilar, 1958. 1.311-19.*

 

 

 

 

 

Reformulations

 

Blakemore, Diane. "The Relevance of Reformulations." Language and Literature 2.2 (1994): 101-20.

Murillo Ornat, Silvia. "Some Notes on the Informative Meaning of English Reformulatory Discourse Markers." In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of AEDEAN (Asociación Española de Estudios Anglonorteamericanos). Lleida, 17-19 December 1998. Ed. Pere Gallardo and Enric Llurda. Lleida: Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2000. 197-202.*

_____. "Reformulation Discourse Markers in English and in Spanish: Some Cases of Translation in Tourist Literature." In Pragmatics at Work: The Translation of Tourist Literature. Ed. Mª Pilar Navarro et al. Bern: Peter Lang, 2004.

_____. "A Relevance Reassessment of Reformulation Markers." Journal of Pragmatics 36 (c. 2004): 2059-68.

Saz Rubio, Milagros. "A Taxonomy of English Discourse Markers of Reformulation." 2003. In Actas del XXVII Congreso Internacional de AEDEAN / Proceedings of the 27th International AEDEAN Conference. Ed. Antonio R[odríguez] Celada, Daniel Pastor García, and Pedro Javier Pardo García. CD-ROM. Salamanca: Departamento de Filología Inglesa (Universidad de Salamanca) / Asociación Española de Estudios Anglo-Norteamericanos, 2004.*

Turell, M. Teresa, and Cristina Corcoll. "The Effect of Individual, Pragmatic and Socio-Collective Factors in CS Directionality: The Case of Reformulation." In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of AEDEAN (Asociación Española de Estudios Anglonorteamericanos). Lleida, 17-19 December 1998. Ed. Pere Gallardo and Enric Llurda. Lleida: Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2000. 225-30.

 

 

 

 

Relational grammar

 

Perlmutter, David M. "Relational Grammar." In Syntax and Semantics 13: Current Approaches to Syntax. Ed. E. A. Moravcsik and J. R. Wirth. New York: Academic Press, 1980. 195-229.

_____, ed. Studies in Relational Grammar 1. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1983.

 

 

 

Relative clauses

 

Kuno, Susumu. "The Position of Relative Clauses and Conjunctions." Linguistic Inquiry 5 (1974): 117-136.

Platzack, Christer. "Relativization in the Germanic Languages, with Particular Emphasis on Scandinavian." In Relativisation on the North Sea Littoral. Ed. Patricia Poussa. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Poussa, Patricia. "North Sea Relatives: Introduction." In Relativisation on the North Sea Littoral. Ed. Patricia Poussa. Munich: Lincom Europa.

_____, ed. Relativisation on the North Sea Littoral. (Lincom Studies in Language Typology 7). Munich: Lincom Europa.

Prideaux, G. D., and W. J. Baker. Strategies and Structures: The Processing of Relative Clauses. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1986.

 

 

 

Relic forms

 

Janda, Laura A. Back from the Brink: a Study of How Relic Forms in Languages Serve as Source Material for Analogical Extension. (Lincom Studies in Slavic Lingusitics 1). Munich: Lincom Europa.

 

 

 

 

Religion and language

 

Portabella Cremades, Ramón. "Aspecto espiritual del lenguaje." In Lenguaje y Filosofía: Ponencias y comunicaciones (Novena Semana Española de Filosofía). Madrid: CSIC – Instituto Luis Vives, de Filosofía, 1969. 371-74.*

Rodríguez, Victorino (Friar, O. P.). "Lenguaje teológico." In Lenguaje y Filosofía: Ponencias y comunicaciones (Novena Semana Española de Filosofía). Madrid: CSIC – Instituto Luis Vives, de Filosofía, 1969. 391-96.*

 

 

 

 

Repair (in discourse)

 

Daniel Navarro, Federico. "La reparación en la estructura retórica de la Reseña Académica de Libros, o cómo el escritor se transforma en autor. El caso de la Revista de Filología Hispánica." In Actas del V Congreso Internacional AELFE (Asociación Europea de Lenguas para Fines Específicos) / Proceedings of the 5th International AELFE Conference). Ed. Mª Carmen Pérez-Llantada Auría, Ramón Plo Alastrué and Claus Peter Neumann. CD-ROM. Zaragoza: AELFE / Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, 2005. 28-34.*

 

 

 

 

 

Rhythm in language

 

Espejo Muriel, Mª del Mar. "Ritmo y enumeración. Un estudio de dos modelos discursivos: académico (E. Benot) y político (M. I. Pérez Quintero)." In Estudios sobre el texto: Nuevos enfoques y propuestas. Ed. Azucena Penas and Rosario González. Frankfurt a/M: Peter Lang, 2009. 411-40.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Role and Reference Grammar

 

Fanego, Teresa. "English Remember and Role and Reference Grammar: On Van Valin and Wilkins (1993)." Lingua 98.1 (1996): 15-26.

Mairal Usón, Ricardo. "Reconsidering the Syntax-Semantics Interface in Role and Reference Grammar." 2003. In Actas del XXVII Congreso Internacional de AEDEAN / Proceedings of the 27th International AEDEAN Conference. Ed. Antonio R[odríguez] Celada, Daniel Pastor García, and Pedro Javier Pardo García. CD-ROM. Salamanca: Departamento de Filología Inglesa (Universidad de Salamanca) / Asociación Española de Estudios Anglo-Norteamericanos, 2004.*

Mairal Usón, Ricardo, and Carlos Periñán Pascual. "Role and Reference Grammar and Ontological Engineering." In Los caminos de la lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Enrique Alcaraz Varó. Ed. J. L. Cifuentes et al. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante): Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2010. 649-65.*

Martínez Fernández, Beatriz. "Syntactic Valence in Role and Reference Grammar." Journal of English Studies 5-6 (2005-2008): 233-44.*

Ortigosa Pastor, Ana. "Complex Structures in Role and Reference Grammar: Some Problematic Cases." Journal of English Studies 3 (2001/2, issued 2003): 165-78.*

Periñán Pascual, Carlos, and Ricardo Mairal Usón. "Bringing Role and Reference Grammar to Natural Language Understanding." Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural 43 (2009): 265-273.

Rodríguez-Juárez, Carolina. "Accounting for the Alternating Behaviour of Location Arguments from the Perspective of Role and Reference Grammar." Atlantis 39.2 (Dec. 2017): 169-89.*

Van Valin, R. D., Jr. "Layered Syntax in Role and Reference Grammar." In Nuyts, Bolkestein and Vet eds. (1990): 193-231.

_____. "A Synopsis of Role and Reference Grammar." In Advances in Role and Reference Grammar. Ed. R. D. Van Valin, Jr. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993.

_____, ed. Advances in Role and Reference Grammar. Ed. R. D. Van Valin, Jr. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1993.

Van Valin, R. The Syntax-Semantics-Pragmatics Interface: An Introduction to Role and Reference Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.

 

See also Argument structure.

 

 

 

 

Rules (linguistic)

 

Bosque, Ignacio. "Algunas reglas para interpretar las excepciones." In Palabras, Norma, Discurso: En memoria de Fernando Lázaro Carreter. Ed. Luis Santos Río et al. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2005. 137-65.*

Chomsky, Noam. Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia UP; Oxford: Blackwell, 1980.

Haussamen, Brock. Revising the Rules: Traditional Grammar and Modern Linguistics. 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt, 2000.

Lima, S. D., R. L. Corrigan and G. K. Iverson, eds. The Reality of Linguistic Rules. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1994.

Pérez Hernández, Lorena. "Bridging the Gap between Grammar and Pragmatics: Rules of Convention for Speech Acts." In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference of AEDEAN (Asociación Española de Estudios Anglonorteamericanos). Lleida, 17-19 December 1998. Ed. Pere Gallardo and Enric Llurda. Lleida: Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2000. 203-7.*

Peters, S., and H. Uszkoreit. "On Some Formal Properties of Metarules." Linguistics and Philosophy 9 (1986): 477-94.

Romaine, Suzanne. "The Status of Variable Rules in Sociolinguistic Theory." Journal of Linguistics 17 (1981): 93-119.

Toolan, Michael. "Rules." In Toolan, Total Speech: An Integrational Linguistic Approach to Language. Durham (NC): Duke UP, 1996. 271-322.*

Uszkoreit, H., and S. Peters. "On Some Formal Properties of Metarules." Linguistics and Philosophy 9 (1986): 477-94.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig.Wittgenstein: A Critical Reader. Ed. Hans-Johann Glock. (Blackwell Critical Readers). Oxford: Blackwell,. 2001. (Meaning and use, rules, philosophy of language, etc.).

 

 

See also Rules

 

 

 

 

 

Sandhi

 

Cho, Young-Mee Yu. Parameters of Consonantal Assimilation. (Lincom Studies in Theoretical Linguistics 15). Munich: Lincom Europa. (Sandhi, Sanskrit, Korean, gemination, phonology).

 

 

 

Science and language

 

Strobl, Wolfgang. "Lenguaje y ciencia." In Lenguaje y Filosofía: Ponencias y comunicaciones (Novena Semana Española de Filosofía). Madrid: CSIC – Instituto Luis Vives, de Filosofía, 1969. 445-52.*

 

 

See also Scientific texts.

 

 

 

Second language policies

 

Beaugrande, Robert de, Meta Grosman and Barbara Seidlhofer, eds. Language Policy and Language Education in Emerging Nations: Focus on Slovenia and Croatia.. Stamford (CT): Ablex, 1998.

Kecht, Maria-Regina. "How can Foreign Language Study Survive in the US..." BAS (1997): 208-19.*

 

 

 

 

Secret languages

 

Corredor, Cristina. "Lenguaje privado." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 366-69.*

Polanco Masa, Alejandro. "Lengua ignota." In Tecnología Obsoleta 20 March 2009.* (Hildegard von Bingen).

         http://www.alpoma.net/tecob/?p=1092

         2009

 

 

 

See also Artificial languages; Secret codes.

 

 

 

 

 

Sexuality and language

 

Crespo-Fernández, Eliecer. Sex in Language: Euphemistic and Dysphemistic Metaphors in Internet Forums. London: Bloosmbury, 2015.

Leap, William L. "Rethinking Language and Gender: Recent Steps Towards a Lesbian, Gay and Transgendered Linguistics." World Englishes 17.2 (1998): 191-192.

Pizarro Pedraza, Andrea. Rev. of Sex in Language, by Eliecer Crespo-Fernández. Atlantis 38.2 (Dec. 2016): 273-78.*

 

 

See also Women and language.

 

 

 

 

 

Shifters

 

Silverstein, Michael. "Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description." In Meaning in Anthropology. Ed. K. Basso and H. Selby. Albuquerque: U of New Mexico P, 1976.

 

 

 

 

Solecisms

 

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. Cambio semántico y competencia gramatical. (Lingüística Iberoamericana, 33). Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt a/M: Vervuert, 2009.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

Space in language. See Motifs. S motifs. Space. Space and language.

 

 

 

 

 

Speaking guides

 

Van Emden, Joan. Writing and Speaking for Scientific and Technical Students. Houndmills: Macmillan, 2000.

 

 

 

Spelling

 

Miguel, Amando de. "H. **Hortografía." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 59-64.*

Unamuno, Miguel de. "Acerca de la reforma de la ortografía española." Dec. 1896. In Unamuno, Ensayos. Prologue and notes by Bernardo G. de Candamo. 2 vols. 4th ed. Madrid: Aguilar, 1958. 1.209-26.*

 

 

Spontaneity/Planning

 

Enkvist, Nils Erik, ed. Impromptu Speech: A Symposium. Åbo: Research Institute of the Åbo Akademi Foundation, 1982.

Ochs, Elinor. "Planned and Unplanned Discourse." In Discourse and Syntax. Ed. T. Givón. (Syntax and Semantics, 12). New York: Academic Press, 1979.

Östman, Jan-Ola. "The Symbiotic Relationship between Pragmatic Particles and Impromptu Speech." In Impromptu Speech: A Symposium. Ed. Nils Erik Enkvist. Åbo: Research Institute of the Åbo Akademi Foundation, 1982. 147-77.

 

 

Spoonerisms

 

MacKay, D. G. "Spoonerisms: The Structure of Errors in the Serial Order of Speech." Neuropsychologia 8 (1970): 323-50.

Robbins, R. H. "The Warden's Wordplay: Towards a Redefinition of the Spoonerism." Dalhousie Review 46 (1996): 457-65.

 

See also Errors.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Standard language / Normativity

 

Atichison, Jean. "Why Do Purists Grumble So Much?" Selection. In English: History, Diversity and Change. Ed. David Graddol, Dick Leith and Joan Swann. London: Routledge / Open UP, 1996.*

Bourdieu, Pierre. "The Production and Reproduction of Legitimate Language." In Bourdieu, Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991. 1994. 43-65.*

Davis, Hayley. "What Makes Bad Language Bad?" In Integrational Linguistics: A First Reader. Ed. Roy Harris and George Wolf. Oxford: Elsevier-Pergamon, 1998. 283-93.*

Fairclough, Norman. "The Appropriacy of 'Appropriateness'." In Critical Discourse Awareness. Ed. N. Fairclough. London: Longman, 1992. 233-52.

_____. "The Appropriacy of 'Appropriateness'." In Critical Discourse Analysis: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Michael Toolan. London: Routledge, 2002. 2.50-68.*

Fourquet, Jean. "Langue. Dialecte. Patois." In Le Langage. Ed. André Martinet. (Encyclopédie de la Pléiade, 25). Paris: Gallimard, 1968. 569-96.*

García Landa, José Ángel. "Sacré langage." Vanity Fea 29 April 2005.

http://garciala.blogia.com/2005/042906-sacre-langage.php

_____. "Todas las lenguas NO son iguales." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 1 March 2010.*

         http://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2010/03/todas-las-lenguas-no-son-iguales.html

         2010

_____. "Todas las lenguas no son iguales." Ibercampus (Vanity Fea) 16 March 2010.*

         http://www.ibercampus.es/articulos.asp?idarticulo=12281

         2010-03-17

Greenbaum, Sidney, ed. Acceptability in Language. The Hague: Mouton, 1977.

Haugen, Einar. "Dialect, Language, Nation." In Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings. Ed. J. B. Pride and J. Holmes. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972.

_____. "Language Standardization." In Sociolinguistics: A Reader and Coursebook. Ed. Nikolas Coupland and Adam Jaworski. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1997. Rpt. Palgrave. 341-52. (Multilingualism).

Havránek, B. "The Functional Differentiation of the Standard Language." In A Prague School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure, and Style. Ed. and trans. Paul L. Garvin. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown UP, 1964.. 3-16.

_____. "The Purposes of the Standard Language and its Cultivation." In Standard Czech and the Cultivation of Good Language. Ed. B. Havranek and M. Weingart. Prague, 1932. 32-84.

Havránek, B., and M. Weingart, eds. Standard Czech and the Cultivation of Good Language. Prague, 1932.

Joseph, John E. (Edinburgh U). Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Frances Pinter, 1987.

Mugglestone, L. Talking Proper: The Rise of Accent as Social Symbol. Clarendon Press, 1995.

Mukarovsky, Jan. "Standard Language and Poetic Language. In Standard Czech and the Cultivation of Good Language. Ed. B. Havranek and M. Weingart. Prague, 1932. 123-156.

_____. "Standard Language and Poetic Language." In A Prague School Reader on Esthetics, Literary Structure, and Style. Ed. and trans. Paul L. Garvin. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown UP, 1964. 17-30.*

Salazar Campillo, Patricia. "An Analysis of Implicit and Explicit Feedback on Grammatical Accuracy." Miscelánea 27 (2003 [issued Nov. 2004]): 209-28.*

 

See also Language varieties.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Statistical linguistics

 

Butler, C. Statistics in Linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell, 1985.

Greimas, A. J. "Linguistique statistique et linguistique structurale." Le Français moderne 30, 31 (1962-63).

Hitchcock, Christopher. "Statistics 101 and the Detection of Linguistic Relationship." In The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer. Ed. Fabrice Cavoto. 2 vols. Munich: Lincom Europa.

 

 

See also Statistics; Method.

 

 

 

 

 

Stress. See Accent and Stress

 

 

 

Style. See Idiolect. See also: Register; Style (Literary theory: specific).

 

 

 

 

 

 

Subject

 

Casielles Suárez, Eugenia "On protolinguistic 'fossils': Subject-Verb vs. Verb-Subject Structures." In The Evolution of Language. Ed. Andrew D. M. Smith et al. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2010. 66-73.*

Chafe, Wallace L. "Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and Points of View." In Subject and Topic. Ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press, 1976. 25-55.

Dixon, R. "Subject and Object in Universal Grammar." In Essays on Grammatical Theory and Universal Grammar. Ed. D. Arnold et al. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. 91-118.

Faarlund, Jan Terje. "A Typology of Subjects." In Studies in Syntactic Typology. Ed. M. Hammond et al. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988. 193-207.

Faarlund, Jan Terje. "Grammatical Relationships and Ergativity in Zoque." In The Linguist's Linguist: A Collection of Papers in Honour of Alexis Manaster Ramer. Ed. Fabrice Cavoto. 2 vols. Munich: Lincom Europa.

Gonzálvez García, Francisco. "That's a construction for you / Las construcciones es lo que tienen: Grammaticalization via Subjectification in Attributive Clauses in English and Spanish."  In Cognitive Linguistics: From Words to Discourse. Ed. Javier Valenzuela et al. Monograph issue of IJES: International Journal of English Studies 7.1 (2007): 65-99.* (Grammaticalization, subjectification, subjectivity, Cosntruction Grammar, attribution, inference, characterization, identification, modality, discourse markers).

Jiménez Fernández, Ángel. "Subjecthood of Subjects in Small Clauses." Proceedings of the XIXth International Conference of AEDEAN. Ed. Javier Pérez Guerra et al. Vigo: Departamento de Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemana da Universidade de Vigo, 1996. 335-40.*

Johnstone, Barbara. "Sociolinguistic Resources, Individual Identities and Public Speech Styles of Texas Women." Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 5.2 (1995): 1-20.

Keenan, Edward L. "Towards a Universal Definition of Subject." In Subject and Topic. Ed. C. N. Li. New York: Academic Press, 1976. 303-33.

Lasnik, Howard. "Subjects and the Theta-Criterion." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 6 (1988): 1-17.

Li, Charles N., ed. Subject and Topic. New York: Academic Press, 1976.

Lyons, John. "8. Grammatical Functions." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 334-99.* (Subject, Predicate and Adjunct – Transitivity and Ergativity – Voice – Existential, Locative and Possessive Constructions).

Rodríguez Juárez, Carolina. "A New Parameter for the Description of Subject Assignment: The Term Hierarchy." Atlantis 28.1 (June 2006): 71-88.*

Sridhar, S. N. "Dative Subjects and the Notion of Subject." Lingua 49 (1979): 99-125.

van Oosten, Jeanne. The Nature of Subjects, Topics and Agents: A Cognitive Explanation. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1986.

Zaenen, A., ed. Subjects and Other Subjects. Bloomington: Indiana U Linguistics Club, 1982.

 

 

 

Subordination

 

Bearman, Karen. "Coordination and Subordination Revisited: Syntactic Complexity in Spoken and Written Narrative Discourse." In Coherence in Spoken and Written Narrative Discourse. Ed. Deborah Tannen. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1984.

Gregory, Amy E. "The Spanish Mood/Subordination/Reference Interface."  In Cognitive Linguistics: From Words to Discourse. Ed. Javier Valenzuela et al. Monograph issue of IJES: International Journal of English Studies 7.1 (2007):  47-64.* (Spanish mood, subjunctive, discourse pragmatics, anaphora, reference, subordination, cognition).

Herman, J. La formation du système roman des conjonctions de subordination. Berlin, 1963.

Matthiessen, Christian, and Sandra A. Thompson. "The Structure of Discourse and 'Subordination'." In Clause Combining in Grammar and Discourse. Ed. John Haiman and Sandra A. Thompson. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1988. 275-329.

Roberts, Craige. "Model Subordination and Pronominal Anaphora in Discourse." Linguistics and Philosophy 12 (1989): 683-722. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.

Tomlin, Russell S. "Foreground-Background Information and the Syntax of Subordination." Text 5 (1985): 85-122.

 

 

 

Suffixes

 

Thornton, Anna M. "On –ex and –tex." In Extragrammatical and Marginal Morphology. Ed. Ursula Doleschal and Anna M. Thornton. Munich: Lincom Europa.

 

 

Suppletion

 

Bobaljik, Jonathan David. "Suppletion: Some Theoretical Implications." Annual Review of Linguistics 1.1 (Jan. 2015).*

         http://linguistics.annualreviews.org

         2015

 

 

 

 

Synonyms

 

Aristotle. (Aristóteles). Categorías. In Aristóteles, Tratados de lógica. Introds., trans. and notes by Miguel Candel Sanmartín. Barcelona: RBA, 2015. 25-66.* (Homonyms, Synonyms, Predication, Being, Quantity, Relation, Quality, Activity and Passivity, Opposites, Contraries, Anteriority, Simulteaneity, Movement, Having).

Clift, Rebecca. "Synonyms in Action: A Case Study." In Discourse Analysis Today. Ed. Dagmar Scheu and M. D. López-Maestre. Monograph issue of IJES 3.1 (2003): 167-87. ("Actually / in fact").*

Escarpanter, José. Sinónimos y antónimos. Madrid: Playor, 1996.

López de la Huerta, José. Examen de la posibilidad de fijar la significación de los sinónimos de la lengua castellana. Vienna, 1789.

_____. Examen de la posibilidad de fijar la significación de los sinónimos de la lengua castellana. Ed. J. G. Martínez del Castillo. (Clásicos recuperados, 3). Almería: U de Almería, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2000.

Lyons, John. "10. Semantic Structure." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 443-81.* (Introductory – Synonymy – Hyponymy and Incompatibility – Antonymy, Complementarity, and Converseness – Componential Analysis and Universal Semantics).

Mena Martínez, Flor. "Occasional Phraseological Synonymy." In New Advances in Phraseological Research. Ed. Flor Mena-Martínez. Monograph issue of IJES: 6.1 (2006). 131-58.* (cognition, frames, scenarios).

Miguel, Amando de. "S. Significados y sinónimos." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 135-49.*

Penas Ibáñez, Mª Azucena. Cambio semántico y competencia gramatical. (Lingüística Iberoamericana, 33). Madrid: Iberoamericana; Frankfurt a/M: Vervuert, 2009.*

 

 

 

 

 

Taboo language

 

Aramburu, Fernando. "Los bajos fondos del idioma." El Mundo (Entre coche y andén) 15 April 2018.*

         http://www.elmundo.es/opinion/2018/04/15/5ad1dd17ca47417e058b4649.html

         2018

Dynel, Marta. "Swearing Methodologically: The (Im)Politeness of Expletives in Anonymous Commentaries on YouTube." Journal of English Studies 10 (2012): 25-50.*

Ferenczi, Sandor. "Palabras obscenas: Contribución a la psicología en el período de latencia." 1910. In Ferenczi, Psicoanálisis. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1981. 1.135-48.*

Fogle, Calvin D., "The Etymology, Evolution and Social Acceptability of 'Nigger', 'Negro', and 'Nigga'." SSRN 16 Sept. 2013.*

https://ssrn.com/abstract=2326274 http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2326274

2021

García Landa, José Angel. "Verbos copulativos." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 29 Feb. 2012.* (Pinker).

         http://vanityfea.blogspot.com/2012/02/verbos-copulativos.html

         2012

Hughes, Geoffrey. Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths, and Profanity in English. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.

Jay, T. Cursing in America. John Benjamins, 1992.

McEnery, Anthony, and Zhonghua Xiao. "Swearing in Modern British English: The Case of Fuck in the BNC." Language and Literature 13.3 (2004): 235-68.*

Miguel, Amando de. "O. **Ostiar." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 115-18.*

Sánchez Ferlosio, Rafael. "De los vicarios del nombre de la cosa maligna." In Sánchez Ferlosio, QWERTYUIOP: Ensayos IV - Sobre enseñanza, deportes, televisión, publicidad, trabajo y ocio. Ed. Ignacio Echevarría. Barcelona: Penguin Random House - Debate, 2017. 490-92.* (Taboo words).

 

 

See also Slang; Speech Acts (Swearing).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Talk

 

Kacandes, Irene. Talk Fiction: Literature and the Talk Explosion. Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press, 2001.

Tannen, Deborah. Conversational Style: Analyzing Talk Among Friends. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1984.

_____. "Repetition in Conversation: Towards a Poetics of Talk." Language: Journal of the Linguistics Society of America 63.3 (1987): 574–605.

_____. "Repetition in Conversation: Towards a Poetic of Talk." In Tannen, Talking Voices. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989. 36-97.*

_____. "'Oh Talking Voice that Is so Sweet': Constructing Dialogue in Conversation." In Tannen, Talking Voices. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989.

_____. "Gender Differences in Topical Coherence: Creating Involvement in Best Friends' Talk." Discourse Processes 13 (1990): 73-90.

_____. "Gender Differences in Conversational Coherence." First pub. in Conversational Organization and Its Developments. Ed. Bruce Dorval. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1990. 167-206. Shorter version in Discourse Processes 14.1 (1990). Shorter version as "'Look at Me When I'm Talking to You! Cross Talk Across the Ages" in Tannen, You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation.

_____. "Gender Differences in Conversational Coherence: Physical Alignment and Topical Cohesion." In Tannen, Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford UP, 1994. 1996. 85-136.*

_____. Gender and Discourse. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

_____. Gender and Discourse: Featuring a New Essay on Talk at Work. New York: Oxford UP, 1996.*

_____. Género y discurso. Barcelona: Paidós, 1996.

_____. Talking from 9 to 5: How Women's and Men's Conversational Styles Affect Who Gets Heard, Who Gets Credit, and What Gets Done at Work. New York: William Morrow, 1994. Rpt. paperback: Avon.

_____. La comunicación entre hombres y mujeres a la hora del trabajo. Argentina: Ediciones B, 1996.

_____. La comunicación entre hombres y mujeres a la hora del trabajo. (Biblioteca Millenium/New Age). Barcelona: Ediciones Folio, 2001.*

_____, ed. Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk. GURT 1981. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown UP, 1982.

 

 

See also Speech; Conversation; Interaction (linguistic).

 

 

 

 

Teachers of language. See Teachers.

 

 

 

 

 

Teaching linguistics / teaching language analysis

 

Brown; E. G. White, and E. B. Jenkinson. Two Approaches to Teaching Syntax. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1967.

Buckett Rivera, Alison, and Mª Nila Vázquez González. "Introducing History of the English Language in Non-Specialised English Language Programmes." In AEDEAN: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference (León, 16-18 de diciembre, 1999). CD-ROM. León: AEDEAN, 2003.*

English Journal 85.7 (November 1996). (On the teaching of grammar).

Gurrey, P. Teaching English Grammar. London: Longmans, 1961.

Guzmán González, Trinidad. "On Language and Mythmakers: Understanding Change, Telling About It, Teaching Historical Linguistics." In Actas del 25º Congreso AEDEAN, Granada 2001. CD-ROM. Granada: U de Granada: Departamento de Filología Inglesa, 2002.*

Halliday, M. A. K. "Linguistics in the University: The Question of Social Accountability." In New Directions in Linguistics and Semiotics. Ed. J. Copeland. Houston: Rice UP, 1984. 51-67.

Hatch, Evelyn Marcussen. Discourse and Language Education. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1992.

Lester, Mark. Grammar in the Classroom. New York: Macmillan. 1999.

Weaver, Constance. Teaching Grammar in Context. Portsmouth (NH): Boynton/Cook, 1996.

_____, ed. Lessons to Share on Teaching Grammar in Context. Portsmouth (NH): Boynton/Cook, 1998.

 

 

 

Blogs

 

Innovación universitaria en lingüística (Montse Veyrat)

         http://www.scoop.it/t/innovacion-universitaria

         2012

 

 

Journals

 

Didáctica (Lengua y Literatura)

Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid

Vol. 4 (1992); 17 (2005)

http://www.ucm.es/BUCM/revistasBUC/portal/modules.php?name=Revistas2&id=DIDA

2007-01-27

 

 

 

 

Technical terms

 

Dubois, J. "Les problèmes du vocabulaire technique." Cahiers de lexicologie 9 (1966).

Peirce, C. S. "The Ethics of Terminology." From Peirce, A Syllabus of Certain Topics of Logic. 1903. In The Essential Peirce: Selected Philosophical Writings. Volume 2 (1893-1913). Ed. Nathan Houser et al. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1998. 263-66.*

Soler Monreal, Carmen, and Luz Gil Salom. "Commenting on Results in Technological Fields." In Los caminos de la lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Enrique Alcaraz Varó. Ed. J. L. Cifuentes et al. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante): Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2010. 907-23.*

 

 

See also Professional discourse; Terminology (literary, critical).

 

 

 

Terminology (Linguistic)

 

García Landa, José Ángel. "Narratology and Rhetoric: Scientific Terminology?" Paper presented at the Susanne Hübner Seminar, "Terminología de Uso Común en las Ciencias del Lenguaje, Crítica Literaria y Estudios Socio-Culturales," Departamento de Filología Inglesa y Alemana, University of Zaragoza, Jan. 30-Feb. 1, 1991. Internet edition (2004):

         http://www.unizar.es/departamentos/filologia_inglesa/garciala/publicaciones/basicos.html

         2012

_____. "Narratology and Rhetoric: Scientific Terminology?" Social Science Research Network 23 June 2012.*

         http://ssrn.com/abstract=2089752

         2012

Navarro Domínguez, Fernando. "La lingüística en los diccionarios lingüísticos franceses: huellas de la terminología francesa en el diccionario lingüístico de E. Alcaraz." In Los caminos de la lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Enrique Alcaraz Varó. Ed. J. L. Cifuentes et al. San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante): Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2010. 767-78.*

 

 

 

Video

 

 

Santana, Pedro, et al. "Sobre ideas y conceptos en la lingüística | TC110." Video. YouTube (fgbuenotv)  10 March 2021.* (Chomsky).

         https://youtu.be/ubOkvmk08bE

         2021

 

 

 

See also Technical Terms.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Text grammar. See Text.

 

 

 

 

Topological Terms

 

Greimas, A. J. "Les Topologiques." Cahiers de lexicologie 4.1 (1964).

 

 

 

 

Transcription (of texts and discourse)

 

Barroso, José, and Joaquín Sánchez de Bustos. "Propuestas de transcripción para textos del XV y Siglos de Oro." In Estado actual de los estudios sobre el Siglo de Oro. Ed. Manuel García Martín et al. Salamanca: Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 1993. 161-78.*

Carter, Ronald. "A Note on Transcription and Corpus Analysis." In Carter, Language and Creativity: The Art of Common Talk. London: Routledge, 2004. 219-21.*

Edwards, Jane. "Transcription of Discourse." Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford and New York: Oxford UP, 1992. 1.367-70.

Ochs, Elinor. "Transcription as Theory." In Developmental Pragmatics. Ed. Elinor Ochs and Bambi Schieffelin. New York: Academic Press, 1969. 43-72.

Preston, Dennis R. "'Ritin Fowklower Daun 'Rong: Folklorists' Failures in Phonology." Journal of American Folklore 95 (1982): 304-26.

_____. "The Li'l Abner Syndrome: Written Representations of Speech." American Speech 60 (1985): 328-36.

 

 

See also Writing; Transcription (phonetic).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Transformational grammars. See Generative Transformational Grammar.

 

 

 

 

Trilingual communication

 

Torras i Calvo, M. Carme. "Selection of Medium in Conversation: A Study of Trilingual Service Encounters." In AEDEAN: Proceedings of the 23rd International Conference (León, 16-18 de diciembre, 1999). CD-ROM. León: AEDEAN, 2003.* (Selection of language).

Turell, Teresa, and Montserrat Forcadell. "Language Interaction Patterns in Catalan-English-Spanish Discourse." Proceedings of the 20th International AEDEAN Conference. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Filología, 1997. 317-23.*

 

See also Multilingualism.

 

 

Turn-taking. See Interaction (linguistic).

 

 

 

 

 

Typography

 

Bodoni. Manuale Tipografico. 1818. Digital version on CD-ROM. Octavo Digital Rare Books.

Mazón Nadal, Rogelio. Compendio de normas y preceptiva para la composición tipográfica. 2nd ed. Zaragoza: Asociación Empresarial de Artes Gráficas, Papel y Manipulados de Aragón, 1996.*

 

 

 

Bibliography

 

"Los diez mejores libros sobre tipografía." In UnosTiposDuros: Teoría y práctica de la tipografía.

         http://www.unostiposduros.com/paginas/articul17.html

         2006

 

 

Websites

 

 

 

Unos Tipos Duros. Website on typography.

         https://www.unostiposduros.com/

         2021

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Usage

 

Acero, Juan José. "Uso, significado como." In Compendio de Lógica, Argumentación y Retórica. Ed. Luis Vega Reñón and Paula Olmos Gómez. Madrid: Trotta, 2011. 3rd ed. 2016. 613-20.*

Barlow, Michael, and Suzanne Kemmer, eds. Usage-Based Models of Language. Stanford (CA): Stanford UP, c. 2000.

Gormezano, Nathalie. (ISIT, Paris). "The Notion of Usage in Technical Translation." Hermeneus 10 (2008): 13-20.*

Nathan, Geoffrey S. "Is the Phoneme Usage-Based? Some Issues." In Cognitive Phonology. Ed. José A. Mompeán. Monograph issue of IJES 6.2 (2006): 173-94.* (History of phonology, phonemic processing, usage-based theories, natural phonology).

Miguel, Amando de. "M. Modas, manías y modismos." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 95-102.*

 

 

See also English (Usage/grammar); Standard language / normativity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Use of language. See Pragmatics; Speech; Writing; Conversation; Linguistic Interaction.

 

 

Use/Mention. See Reflexivity in language.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Valency. See Verb Phrase.

 

 

 

 

Value, axiology

 

Felices Lago, Angel Miguel. "Recensión de las contribuciones más valiosas para la axioemática en la lingüística moderna." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada 8 (1992): 19-40.*

_____. "The Treatment of the Axiological Component in Structural Semantics." Actas del XV Congreso de AEDEAN. Logroño: Colegio Universitario de La Rioja, 1993. 379-85.*

 

 

 

 

 

Verbal duelling

 

Gossen, Gary H. "Verbal dueling in Chamula." In Speech Play. Ed. Barbara Kirshenblatt-Gimblett. Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania P, 1976. 121-46.

Labov, William. "Rules for Ritual Insults." In Studies in Social Interaction. Ed. D Sudnow. New York: Free Press, 1972. 340-73.

 

See also Insults; Conflict.

 

 

 

 

 

Verbosity

 

Miguel, Amando de. "V. Verbos y verborrea." In de Miguel, La perversión del lenguaje. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 1994. 159-63.*

 

 

See also Babble.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Verbs of movement

 

Garrudo, F. "Los verbos de desplazamiento con locación resultiva en inglés y castellano". Paper read at the "I Jornadas de Lingüística Inglesa." Universidad de La Rioja, Logroño, 2000.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vernacular languages

 

Ngugi wa Thiong'o. "The Language of African Literature." In The Post-Colonial Studies Reader. Ed. Bill Ashcroft, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. London: Routledge, 1995. 285-90.*

_____. The Language of Languages.

 

 

 

 

Vitality (linguistic)

 

Picone, Michael D. "Lexicogenesis and Language Vitality." Word 45.3 (Dec. 1994): 261-85.*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vocabulary

 

Bald, Wolf-Dietrich. "Defining Vocabularies." In Literature and Linguistics: Approaches, Models and Applications: Studies in Honour of Jon Erickson. Ed. Marion Gymnich, Ansgar Nünning and Vera Nünning. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2002. 189-222.*

Bauer, Laurie. Vocabulary. (Language Workbooks). London: Routledge, 1998.

Carter, Ronald. Vocabulary: Applied Linguistic Perspectives. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 1998.

Culy, C. "The Complexity of the Vocabulary of Bambara." Linguistics and Philosophy 8 (1985): 345-51.

Hollich, George, Kathy Hirsh-Pasek and Roberta Golinkoff. Breaking the Language Barrier: An Emergentist Coalition Model of Word Learning. (Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development). Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.

McCarthy, M. Vocabulary. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1990.

Mish, F. C. 12,000 Words. Merriam-Webster, 1986.

Read, John. Assessing Vocabulary. (Cambridge Language Assessment). Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000.

Richards, J. "The Role of Vocabulary Teaching." TESOL Quarterly 10.1 (1976): 77-89.

 

See also Lexis; Words.

 

 

 

Voice (individual voice quality)

 

Pennock Speck, Barry "Voice Quality and the Construction of Female Voice Styles." In Actas XXVIII Congreso Internacional / International Conference AEDEAN. CD-ROM. Valencia: U de València, 2005.*

 

 

 

Voice (in grammar)

 

Actants, voix et aspects verbaux: Actes des Journées d'Études Linguistiques des 22 et 23 Mai 1979. Angers: Presses de l'Université d'Angers, 1981.

Fox, Barbara, and Paul J. Hopper, eds. Voice: Form and Function. (Typological Studies in Language 27). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1994.

Givón, T. "The Pragmatics of De-Transitive Voice: Functional and Typological Aspects of Inversion." In T. Givón (ed.) 1994: 3-44.

Hardy, Donald E. "The Role of Linguistics in Interpretation: The Case of Grammatical Voice." BELL ns 2 (2004): 31-48.

Klaiman, M. H. Grammatical Voice. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.

Lyons, John. "8. Grammatical Functions." In Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1968. 334-99.* (Subject, Predicate and Adjunct – Transitivity and Ergativity – Voice – Existential, Locative and Possessive Constructions).

 

 

See also Passive; Transitivity.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Zero morphemes

 

Haas, W. "Zero in Linguistic Description." In Studies in Linguistic Analysis. By J. R. Firth et al. (Special Volume of the philological society). Oxford: Blackwell, 1957.

 

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Inglés moderno temprano (siglos XVI-XVIII)

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