from
A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and
Philology
http://bit.ly/abibliog
by José Ángel García Landa
(University of Zaragoza, Spain)
Theme, Topic, and Focus
Focus
Information packaging - Given/New information
Keywords
Point
Theme
Topic
Focus
Bosch,
Peter, and Rob van der Sandt, eds. Focus:
Linguistic, Cognitive, and Computational Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge
UP, 1999.
Bossong, G.
"Morphemic marking of topic and focus." Belgian Journal of Linguistics 4 (1989): 27-51.
Dahl,
Östen, ed. Topic and Comment: Contextual
Boundness and Focus. Hamburg: Buske, 1974.
De Mey,
Sjaak. "Generalized Quantifier Theory and the Semantics of Focus." In
Quantifiers, Logic, and Language. Ed.
Jaap van der Does and Jan van Eijck. Stanford (CA): CSLI Publications, 1996.
269-79.
Jiménez
Fernández, Ángel. "A Minimalist Approach to Topicalisation and
Focalisation." In Estudios de Filología Inglesa en honor de Antonio Garnica. Ed.
Francisco Garrudo and Joaquín Comesaña. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 2005.
Krifka,
Manfred. "A Compositional Semantics for Multiple Foci." In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic
Theory (SALT) 1. Ithaca (NY): CLC Publications, Cornell U, 1991. 127-58. In
Semantics: Critical Concepts in
Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.
Partee,
Barbara. "Topic, Focus and Quantification." In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 1. Ithaca
(NY): CLC Publications, Cornell U, 1991. 159-87. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier
Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse
and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.
Poppi, Franca. "Focusing Statements as
Instances of Different Authorial Stances." RANAM: Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines no. 36 (2003): ESSE 6—Strasbourg 2002. 2- Linguistics.
Gen. ed. A. Hamm. Sub-eds. Pierre Frath and Matti Rissanen. Strasbourg:
Université Marc Bloch, Service des périodiques, 2003. 101-11.*
Information packaging – Given / New Information
Allerton,
David J. "The Notion of 'Givenness' and its Relations to Presupposition
and Theme." Lingua 44 (1978):
133-168.
Chafe, W. L. "Givenness,
Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and Point of View." In Subject and Topic. New York: Academic
Press, 1976. 25-56.
Clark, H.
H., and S. E. Haviland. "Comprehension and the Given-New Contract."
In Discourse Production and
Comprehension. Ed. R. O. Freedle. Norwood (NJ): Ablex, 1977. 1-40.
Dahl,
Östen. "What Is New Information?" In Reports on Text Linguistics: Approaches to Word Order. Ed. N. E. Enkvist and V. Kohonen. Åbo: Akademia, 1976. 37-51.
Enkvist, N.
E., and V. Kohonen, eds. Reports on Text
Linguistics: Approaches to Word Order. Åbo:
Akademia, 1976.
Gault, Pierre.
"Rhématique/Thématique, ou les élans de la syntaxe." In Recent Trends in Narratological Research. Ed. John Pier. (GRAAT
21). Tours: Groupes de Recherches Anglo-Américaines
de l'Université François Rabelais de Tours, 1999. 207-24.*
Gómez
González, M. A. The Theme-Topic
Interface: Evidence from English. (Pragmatics and Beyond, ns 71).
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2000.
Grenoble,
Lenore. Deixis and Information Packaging
in Russian Discourse. (Pragmatics and Beyond New Series, 50). Amsterdam:
Benjamins, 1998.
Güldemann,
Tom, Sabine Zerbian, and Malte Zimmermann. "Variation in Information
Structure with Special Reference to Africa." Annual Review of Linguistics 1.1 (Jan. 2015).*
http://linguistics.annualreviews.org
2015
Leeuwen, Theo van. "Information
Linking." In van Leeuwen, Introducing
Social Semiotics. London: Routledge, 2005. 219-47.*
Micelli, Vanessa. "The Evolution of Information
Structure." Abstract in The
Evolution of Language. Ed. Andrew D. M. Smith et al. New Jersey: World Scientific,
2010. 461-62.*
Prince,
Ellen F. "On the Given/New Distinction." Chicago Linguistic Society 15 (1979): 267-78.
_____.
"Toward a Taxonomy of Given-New Information." In Radical Pragmatics. Ed. P. Cole. New York: Academic Press, 1981.
223-55.
Vallduví,
Enric. "A Theory of Informatics." In The Informational Component. Ph.D. diss., U of Pennsylvania, 1990.
Ann Arbor (MI): Garland, 1992. 201-18. In Semantics:
Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse and Dynamics. London:
Routledge, 2003.
See also
Argument structure; Focus; Theme.
Keywords
García Sánchez, Jairo Javier. "Las
'palabras clave' y su función representativa del sentido del texto." In Estudios sobre el texto: Nuevos enfoques y
propuestas. Ed. Azucena Penas and Rosario González. Frankfurt a/M: Peter Lang, 2009.
343-61.*
Matoré,
Georges. La Méthode en lexicologie.
1953.
Williams,
Raymond. Keywords: A Vocabulary of
Culture and Society. London: Fontana, 1976.
_____. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and
Society. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1983.
_____. Keywords. Selection. In Literary Criticism and Theory. Ed. R. C.
Davis and L. Finke. London: Longman, 1989. 774-84.*
Point
Chatman,
Seymour. "1. What Is Narrative? Some Basic Terms." In Chatman, Reading Narrative Fiction. New York:
Macmillan, 1993. 7-19. (The text-types: Alice Walker, 'The Flowers'; Getting
the Point; The Meanings of 'Fiction': Kate Chopin, 'Two Portraits'; Story and
Discourse).
Polanyi,
Livia. "So What's the Point?" Semiotica
25 (1979): 207-41.
Schiffrin, Deborah. "How a Story Says What It Means and
Does." Text 4 (1984): 313-46.
García Landa, José Angel. "What's the Point?" In
García Landa, Vanity Fea 20 March
2012.* (A. Georgakopoulou).
http://vanityfea.blogspot.com.es/2012/03/whats-point.html
2012
Theme
Allerton,
David J. "The Notion of 'Givenness' and its Relations to Presupposition
and Theme." Lingua 44 (1978):
133-168.
Arús
Hita, Jorge "On the Aboutness of Theme." In AEDEAN XXX: Proceedings of the 30th International AEDEAN Conference.
[Huelva, 2006]. Ed. María Losada
Friend et al. Huelva: U de Huelva, 2007.* (Halliday).
Barcelona, Antonio.
"La tematización en inglés y en español." In Actas del Primer Congreso de la Asociación Española de Estudios
Anglo-Norteamericanos: Granada 15 al 17 de diciembre 1977. Granada: U de
Granada, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Filología Inglesa,
1978. 59-66.
Bardovi-Harlig,
Kathleen, and J. Harlig. "Accentuation typology, word order, and
theme-rheme structure." In Hammond et al. 1988: 125-146.
Carlson, Greg. "Thematic Roles
and Their Role in Linguistic Theory." Linguistics
22 (1984): 259-79. In Semantics:
Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume IV: The Semantics of Predicates and
Inflection. London: Routledge, 2003.
Chatman,
Seymour. "8. Theme and Ideology." In Chatman, Reading Narrative Fiction. New York: Macmillan, 1993. 273-303.*
(The Definition of 'Theme'; Thesis; How to Formulate a Theme; Ideology; The
Invisibility of Ideology; Dealing with the Ideologie3s of Fictions: William
Faulkner, 'Delta Autumn'; Ernest Hemingway, 'Indian Camp'; Ama Ata Aidoo,
'Certain Winds from the South').
Downing,
Angela. "An Alternative Approach to Theme: A Systemic-Functional
Perspective." Word 40.2 (1991):
119-43.
_____.
"A Brief Comment on 'Theme: Topic or Discourse Framework'?" (María A.
Gómez). Miscelánea 19 (1998): 205-8.*
Eiler, Mary
Ann. "Thematic Distribution as a Heuristic for Written Discourse
Function." In Functional Approaches
to Writing Research. Ed. B. Couture. London: Frances Pinter, 1986. 49-68.
Erickson, Frederick. "Money
Tree, Lasagna Bush, Salt and Pepper: Social Construction of Topical Cohesion in
a Conversation among Italian-Americans." In Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk. Georgetown University Round Table
on Languages and Linguistics 1981. Ed. Deborah Tannen. Washington, DC:
Georgetown UP, 1982. 43-71.
García Landa, José Ángel. "Tematización retroactiva, interacción e interpretación: La
espiral hermenéutica de Schleiermacher a Goffman" Paper presented at the
XXVI Congreso AEDEAN (Santiago de Compostela, Dec. 2002).
_____. “Tematización retroactiva, interacción e interpretación: La
espiral hermenéutica de Schleiermacher a Goffman.” In Hans-Georg Gadamer: Ontología estética y hermenéutica. Ed. Teresa
Oñate y Zubía, Cristina García Santos and Miguel Ángel Quintana Paz. Madrid:
Dykinson, 2005. 679-88.*
_____. "Tematización retroactiva, interacción e interpretación: La
espiral hermenéutica de Schleiermacher a Goffman." iPaper at Academia.edu
17 June 2011.*
https://www.academia.edu/633413/
2015
_____. "Retroactive Thematization, Interaction, and Interpretation: The
Hermeneutic Spiral from Schleiermacher to Goffman / Tematización Retroactiva,
Interacción e Interpretación: La espiral hermenéutica de Schleiermacher a
Goffman (Spanish)." Online
PDF at Social Science Research Network
17 June 2011.*
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1856424
2011
_____.
"The Hermeneutic Spiral from Schleiermacher to Goffman: Retroactive
Thematization, Interaction, and Interpretation." BELL (Belgian English
Language and Literature) ns 2 (2004):
155-66.*
_____.
"Retroactive Thematization, Interaction, and Interpretation: The
Hermeneutic Spiral from Schleiermacher to Goffman." In García Landa, Vanity Fea 29 Nov. 2006.
http://garciala.blogia.com/2006/112902-retroactive-thematization-interaction-and-interpretation.php
2006-11-29
_____.
"Retroactive Thematization, Interaction, and Interpretation: The
Hermeneutic Spiral from Schleiermacher to Goffman." Online PDF in Zaguán 3 Feb. 2009.
http://zaguan.unizar.es/record/1986
2009
_____.
"Retroactive Thematization, Interaction, and Interpretation: The
Hermeneutic Spiral from Schleiermacher to Goffman." iPaper at Academia.edu 3 Feb. 2009.*
https://www.academia.edu/178559/
2015
Givón, Talmy. "Transitivity, Topicality and the Ute
Impersonal Passive." In Studies in
Transitivity. Ed. P. Hopper and S. A. Thompson. New York: Academic Press,
1982. 143-60.
_____.
"Topic Continuity in Discourse: An Introduction." In Topic Continuity in Discourse: A
Quantitative Cross-language Study. (Typological Studies in Language 3).
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1983. 1-41.
_____, ed. Studies in African Linguistics. Journal
1970-75.
_____, ed. Topic Continuity in Discourse: A
Quantitative Cross-language Study. (Typological Studies in Language 3).
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1983.
Gómez
González, María Angeles (Maria A. Gómez). "The Relevance of Theme in the
Textual Organization of BBC News Reports." Word 45.3 (Dec. 1994): 293-305.*
_____.
"Theme: A Heuristic Method for Discourse Analysis." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad
Complutense 3 (1995): 43-54.*
_____.
"Theme: Topic or Discourse Framework?" Miscelánea 17 (1996): 123-40.*
_____.
"An Alternative Analysis of Multiple Themes in Present-Day English:
Arguments from Discourse." Atlantis
19.2 (December 1997, pub. December 1998): 135-160.*
_____.
"On Subject It-Extrapositions:
Evidence from Present-Day English." Revista
Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses 10 (1997): 95-107.*
Graña
López, Benilde. "Argument Structure, Thematic Roles and Linking." Atlantis 23.2 (Dec. 2001): 49-64.
Gumperz,
John J., Gurinder Aulakh, and Hannah Kaltman. "Thematic Structure and
Progression in Discourse." In Language
and Social Identity. Ed. John J. Gumperz. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1982.
2002. 22-56.*
Hatim,
Basil. "8. At the Interface between Structure and Texture: The Textual
Progression of Themes and Rhemes." In Hatim, Communication Across Cultures: Translation Theory and Contrastive Text
Linguistics. Exeter: U of Exeter P, 1997. Rpt. 2000. 76-89.*
Jackendoff,
Ray. "The status of thematic relations in linguistic theory." Linguistic Inquiry 18 (1987): 369-411.
John,
Eileen. "18. Theme." In The Routledge Companion to
Philosophy of Literature. Ed. Noël Carroll and John Gibson. London:
Routledge, 2015.
Jones, L.
K. Theme in English Expository Discourse.
Lake Bluff (IL): Jupiter Press; Princeton: Princeton UP, 1977.
Lambrecht,
K. Information Structure and Sentence
Form. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1994.
Leonetti
Jungl, Manuel. "La noción de tema y la interpretación de los
indefinidos." Epos 7 (1991): 165-82.*
Levin, Beth, and Malka Rappaport.
"What to Do with theta-Roles."
In Thematic Relations. Ed. Wendy
Wilkins. (Syntax and Semantics 21). New York: Academic Press, 1988. 7-36. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics.
Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume IV:
The Semantics of Predicates and Inflection. London: Routledge, 2003.
Lorés Sanz,
Rosa. "Thematic Patterns in Tourist Literature: An Approach to the Study
of Genre." In Pragmatics at Work:
The Translation of Tourist Literature. Ed. Mª Pilar Navarro et al. Bern:
Peter Lang, 2004.
Moya
Guijarro, A. Jesús. "Thematic and Topical Structuring in Three Subgenres:
A Contrastive Study." Miscelánea
27 (2003 [issued Nov. 2004]): 131-53.*
Moya, A. Jesús, and J. Ávila. "Thematic
Progression of Children's Stories as Related to Different Stages of Cognitive
Development." Text & Talk
29.6 (2009): 755-774.
Van Valin,
R. D., and A. Foley. "Information packaging in the clause." In Language Typology and Syntactic Description.
Ed. T. Shopen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985. 1.299-347.
Wilkins, Wendy, ed. Thematic Relations. (Syntax and
Semantics 21). New York: Academic Press, 1988.
See also
Theme (English).
Topic
Adato,
Albert. "Occasionality as a Constitutent Feature of Topics' Know-in-common
Character." Unpublished paper. 1972.
_____. "Unanticipated Topic
Continuations." Human Studies 2
(1979): 171-86.*
Albaladejo, Tomás. "Estructura de
sentido, representación textual semántico-intensional y tópico textual." Anales de la Universidad de Murcia. Letras 43.1-2 (1984): 265-84.
Bánréti, Z.
"The Topic of Texts and the Interpretation of Texts." In Text vs. Sentence: Continued. Ed. J. S.
Petöfi. Hamburg: Buske, 1981. 43-57.
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen. "On the Claim that Topics Are Not
Stressed." In Papers from the
Parasession from the Interplay of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax. Ed.
John F. Richardson, Mitchell Marks and Amy Chukerman. Chicago: U of Chicago P,
1983.
Bentivoglio, Paola. "Topic Continuity and Discontinuity in
Discourse: A Study of Spoken Latin American Spanish." In Topic Continuity in Discourse: Quantitative
Cross-Language Studies. Ed. Talmy Givón. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1983.
Bossong, G.
"Morphemic marking of topic and focus". Belgian Journal of Linguistics 4 (1989): 27-51.
Braddock,
R. "The Frequency and Placement of Topic Sentences in Expository
Prose." Research in the Teaching of
English 8 (1974): 287-302.
Brdar-Szabó,
Rita, and Mario Brdar. "Referential Metonymy Across Languages: What Can
Cognitive Linguistics and Contrastive Linguistics Learn from Each Other?"
In Contrastive Cognitive Linguistics.
Ed. Javier Valenzuela and Ana Rojo. Monograph issue of IJES 3.2 (2003): 85-105.* (topic, metonymy, contrastive analysis,
prepositional phrase).
Buring,
Daniel. "Topic." In Focus:
Linguistic, Cognitive, and Computational Perspectives. Ed. Peter Bosch and
Rob van der Sandt. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1999. 142-65. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics.
Ed. Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI:
Discourse and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.
Carretero, Marta. "A Comparative Analysis
of Basic-Level Topics in Extracts from Three Prepared Speeches." Proceedings of the 20th International AEDEAN
Conference. Barcelona: Universitat de
Barcelona, Facultad de Filología, 1997. 115-20.*
Chafe,
Wallace L. "Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics and
Points of View." In Subject and
Topic. Ed. Charles N. Li. New York: Academic Press, 1976. 25-55.
_____. "Polyphonic Topic
Development." In Conversation:
Cognitive, Communicative and Social Perspectives. Ed. T. Givón. Amsterdam
and Philadelphia: Benjamins, 1997. 41-53.
Dahl,
Östen, ed. Topic and Comment: Contextual
Boundness and Focus. Hamburg: Buske, 1974.
Davison,
Alice. "Syntactic Markedness and the Definition of Sentence Topic." Language 60.4 (1984): 797-846.
Dezso, L.
"Towards a Typology of Theme and Rheme: SOV Languages." In Wortstellung und Bedeutung. Ed. M. Conte
et al. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1978. 3-11.
Fumero Pérez, Mª del Carmen. "Topic Typology and Pragmatic
Information in FG: Assessment and Proposal." In Actas del 25º Congreso
AEDEAN, Granada 2001. CD-ROM.
Granada: U de Granada: Departamento de Filología Inglesa, 2002.*
García
Gómez, Antonio. "A Cognitive Approach to Topic Management in Verbal Duels
on American Talkshows." Studies in
English Language and Linguistics (SELL) 4 (2002): 145-170.
Givón, Talmy. "Topic Continuity in
Discourse: An Introduction." In Topic
Continuity in Discourse: A Quantitative Cross-Linguistic Study.
(Typological Studies in Language 3). Ed. T. Givón. Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
1983. 1-41.
_____, ed. Topic Continuity in Discourse: A
Quantitative Cross-language Study. (Typological Studies in Language 3).
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1983.
González Cobas, Jacinto. "Continuidad topical en la Estoria de España de Alfonso X." Cuadernos de Investigación Filológica 31-32 (2005-2006 [issued
2009]): 7-31.*
Gundel, Janette K. "The Role of Topic and Comment in
Linguistic Theory." Ph.D. diss. Austin: U of Texas, 1973.
_____.
"Universals of Topic-Comment Structure." In Studies in Syntactic Typology. Ed. M. Hammond, E. A. Moravcsik and
J. R. Wirth. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1988. 209-33.
Jiménez
Fernández, Ángel. "A Minimalist Approach to Topicalisation and
Focalisation." In Estudios de Filología Inglesa en honor de Antonio Garnica. Ed.
Francisco Garrudo and Joaquín Comesaña. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 2005.
Levy, E.
"Towards an Objective Definition of 'Discourse Topic'." Papers from the 18th Regional Meeting.
Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society, 1982. 295-304.
Li, Charles
N., ed. Subject and Topic. New York:
Academic Press, 1976.
Marín Arrese, Juana I., and Soledad Pérez
de Ayala Becerril. "The
Use of Topic Formulating Devices in Discourse Topic Management." Actas del XXI Congreso
Internacional AEDEAN. Ed. F. Toda et al.
Sevilla: U de Sevilla, 1999. 675-80.*
Martínez Caro,
Elena, and Angela Downing Rothwell. "Discourse Topic Organisation: Signalling Macro-Topic
Boundaries." Actas del XXI Congreso Internacional AEDEAN. Ed. F. Toda et al. Sevilla: U de Sevilla, 1999. 681-87.*
Moran, Christopher. "Sentence
Topic in Comment Articles." In Proceedings
from the 31st AEDEAN Conference. Ed. M. J.
Lorenzo Modia et al. CD-ROM: A Coruña: Universidade da Coruña, 2008. 689-98.*
Moya
Guijarro, A. Jesús. "Topicality Chains in Two Discourse Genres." Estudios Ingleses de la Universidad
Complutense 9 (2001).
_____.
"The Assignment of Topical Status in FDG: A Textual Analysis." In Studies in Functional Discourse Grammar. Ed. J. Lachlan Mackenzie and María A.
Gómez-González. Bern: Peter Lang, 2005. 187-218.
_____.
"The Introduction of Topics in Two Discourse Genres." Word 56.2 (forthcoming 2005).
_____.
"The Continuity of Topics in Journal and Travel Texts. A Discourse
Functional Perpective." In Functions
of Language. John Benjamins. Forthcoming 2005.
_____.
"On Pragmatic Functions and Their Correlation with Syntactic Functions: A
Funcionalist Perspective." Atlantis 28.1 (June 2006): 90-28.*
(Topic, Biber, Dik)
Ojea López, Ana Isabel.
"Topicalización vs. dislocación: algunas precisiones." In Stvdia Patriciae Shaw oblata. Oviedo:
Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo, 1991. 2.155-69.*
Ortega Gil,
Pablo. "Extended Thematic Progression." Miscelánea 23 (2001): 57-75.*
Partee,
Barbara. "Topic, Focus and Quantification." In Proceedings of Semantics and Linguistic Theory (SALT) 1. Ithaca
(NY): CLC Publications, Cornell U, 1991. 159-87. In Semantics: Critical Concepts in Linguistics. Ed. Javier
Gutiérrez-Rexach. Volume VI: Discourse
and Dynamics. London: Routledge, 2003.
Reinhart,
Tanya. "Pragmatics and Linguistics: An Analysis of Sentence Topics." Philosophica. 27 (1981): 53-94.
Schiffrin,
Deborah. "Sociolinguistic Approaches to Discourse: Topic and Reference in
Narrative." In Linguistic Change and
Contact. Ed. Kathleen Ferrara, Becky Brown, Keith Walters, and John Baugh.
Austin: U of Texas P, 1988. 1-17.
Sgall,
Peter, E. Hajicova and E. Benesova. Topic,
Focus, and Generative Semantics. Krönberg: Skriptor, 1973.
Shibatani,
M. "Grammaticization of Topic into Subject." In Approaches to Grammaticalization. Ed. E. Traugott and B. Heine.
Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991. 93-133.
Shuy, Roger
W. "Topic as the Unit of Analysis in a Criminal Law Case." In Analyzing Discourse: Text and Talk. Ed.
Deborah Tannen. Washington (DC): Georgetown UP, 1982. 113-26.
Sgall,
Peter, et al. Topic, Focus, and
Generative Semantics. Kronberg: Scriptor, 1973.
Tannen, D.
"Gender Differences in Topical Coherence: Creating Involvement in Best
Friends' Talk." Discourse Processes
13 (1990): 73-90.
Telles
Ribeiro, Branca. "Coherence in Psychotic Discourse: Frame and Topic."
Diss. Georgetown U, 1988. Rev. as Coherence
in Psychotic Discourse. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.
van Oosten, Jeanne. The Nature of Subjects, Topics and Agents: A Cognitive Explanation.
Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1986.
See also
Focus; Given/New; Presupposition.
